Polyploid Giant Cancer Cells Are Frequently Found in the Urine of Prostate Cancer Patients.

Prostate cancer is the third cause of cancer-related deaths in men. Its early and reliable diagnosis is still a public health issue, generating many useless prostate biopsies. Prostate cancer cells detected in urine could be the target of a powerful test but they are considered too rare.

[Prostatic luminal progenitors: From tissue regeneration to therapeutic escape].

Inhibition of androgen signaling is the gold standard treatment of benign prostate hyperplasia and prostate cancer. Despite the initial response to these treatments, therapeutic resistance is ultimately observed in most patients. Single cell RNAseq studies have shown that castration-tolerant luminal cells share several molecular and functional features with cells identified as luminal progenitor in physiological conditions.

The prognostic role of pre-cystectomy thrombocytosis in invasive bladder cancer.

Purpose: We aim to evaluate the impact of preoperative thrombocytosis on oncological outcomes in patients with bladder cancer (BC) who undergo radical cystectomy (RC).

Methods: Retrospective data collection of 1092 patients managed by RC for BC from 2 tertiary-care centers was performed. Elevated platelet count (PLT) was defined as > 450 × 10/L.

Native CGRP Neuropeptide and Its Stable Analogue SAX, But Not CGRP Peptide Fragments, Inhibit Mucosal HIV-1 Transmission.

Background: The vasodilator neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) plays both detrimental and protective roles in different pathologies. CGRP is also an essential component of the neuro-immune dialogue between nociceptors and mucosal immune cells. We previously discovered that CGRP is endowed with anti-viral activity and strongly inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, by suppressing Langerhans cells (LCs)-mediated HIV-1 trans-infection and mucosal HIV-1 transmission .

: A new molecular marker predicting risk of progression of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

Promoter mutations of pleckstrin homology domain-containing S1 () are frequent in several cancer types. To evaluate the DNA mutations, the mRNA expression and prognostic value of was evaluated in bladder cancer. We investigated DNA mutations and mRNA expression of in a first series of 154 bladder tumors [71 non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and 83 muscle-invasive bladder cancers (MIBC)] from patients who underwent transurethral bladder resection or radical cystectomy between 2001 and 2006, and 20 normal bladder samples.

Do patients have to choose between ejaculation and miction? A systematic review about ejaculation preservation technics for benign prostatic obstruction surgical treatment.

Purpose: Ejaculatory dysfunction is the most common side effect related to surgical treatment of benign prostatic obstruction (BPO). Nowadays, modified surgical techniques and non-ablative techniques have emerged with the aim of preserving antegrade ejaculation. Our objective was to conduce a systematic review of the literature regarding efficacy on ejaculatory preservation of modified endoscopic surgical techniques, and mini-invasive non-ablatives techniques for BPO management.

Management of Idiopathic Overactive Bladder Syndrome: What Is the Optimal Strategy After Failure of Conservative Treatment?

Context: A considerable number of patients affected by the overactive bladder syndrome (OAB) do not respond to pharmacotherapy and bladder training due to unsatisfactory response or intolerability.

Objective: To review the available literature assessing therapeutic effect of the available third-line treatment modalities for OAB.

Evidence Acquisition: PubMed, Medline, and Cochrane databases were searched for all studies comparing outcomes of the available third-line treatment modalities for OAB.

Oral Pharmacologic Management of Overactive Bladder Syndrome: Where Do We Stand?

Overactive bladder syndrome (OAB) is a prevalent disorder with a significant impact on quality of life. Despite this high prevalence, there is significant underdiagnosis and undertreatment due to several barriers, including embarrassment, poor communication and low patient adherence. Currently, various antimuscarinic are available in the treatment of OAB.

Diffusion-weighted imaging of the prostate: should we use quantitative metrics to better characterize focal lesions originating in the peripheral zone?

Purpose: To compare inter-reader concordance and accuracy of qualitative diffusion-weighted (DW) PIRADSv2.0 score with those of quantitative DW-MRI for the diagnosis of peripheral zone prostate cancer.

Materials And Methods: Two radiologists independently assigned a DW-MRI-PIRADS score to 92 PZ-foci, in 74 patients (64.

Impact of body mass index on the oncological outcomes of patients treated with radical nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma.

Purpose: To evaluate the association between body mass index (BMI) and oncological outcomes in patients treated with radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) for upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC).

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 237 consecutive patients treated with RNU for UTUC at our institution between 1990 and 2012. Univariable and multivariable cox regression models investigated the association of BMI with disease recurrence, cancer-specific mortality, and overall mortality.

Correlation between messenger RNA expression and protein expression of immune checkpoint-associated molecules in bladder urothelial carcinoma: A retrospective study.

Objectives: Immunotherapy for bladder cancer seems to have promising results. Here, we evaluated the association between messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels and possible prognostic value of the programmed cell death 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4) immune checkpoint pathways during bladder carcinogenesis.

Methods And Materials: Tumor samples were obtained from 155 patients (84 with muscle-invasive bladder cancer [MIBC], and 71 non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer [NMIBC]) and normal bladder tissue from 15 patients.

Green light vaporization of the prostate: is it an adult technique?

Introduction: Intending to overcome transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) in terms of safety maintaining its efficacy profile, have led to the introduction of minimally invasive laser therapies to treat men with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) secondary to benign prostatic obstruction (BPO), each one with its unique properties. The aim of this review was to analyze and summarize all the existing data regarding the 180 W Xcelerated Performance System (XPS) photoselective vaporization of the prostate (PVP).

Evidence Acquisition: A systematic review was conducted: 45 papers were identified.

Impact of body mass index on the oncological outcomes of patients treated with radical cystectomy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

Purpose: Body mass index (BMI) has been associated with worse outcomes in several solid malignancies. We aimed to evaluate the association between BMI and oncological outcomes in patients treated with radical cystectomy (RC) for muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB).

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 701 consecutive patients treated with RC and pelvic lymphadenectomy for UCB at our institution between 1995 and 2011.

Are Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Transrectal Ultrasound Guided Targeted Biopsies Noninferior to Transrectal Ultrasound Guided Systematic Biopsies for the Detection of Prostate Cancer?

Purpose: In men with suspicion of prostate cancer the standard of cancer detection is transrectal ultrasound guided 10 to 12-core systematic biopsy. The targeted biopsy only strategy using magnetic resonance imaging-transrectal ultrasound image registration is gaining in popularity. We assessed the noninferiority of targeted vs systematic biopsy.

High RhoA expression at the tumor front in clinically localized prostate cancer and association with poor tumor differentiation.

Ras homolog gene family, member A (RhoA) has been reported as essential to the invasion process and aggressiveness of numerous cancers. However, there are only sparse data on the expression and activity of RhoA in clinically localised prostate cancer. In numerous cancers, tumour cells at the invasive front demonstrate more aggressive behaviour in comparison with the cells in the central regions.

Can multiparametric MRI rule in or rule out significant prostate cancer?

Purpose Of Review: To show how multiparametric MRI can rule in the presence of significant prostate cancer (PCa), allowing for magnetic resonance-targeted biopsies to detect aggressive tumors eligible for immediate treatment and to evaluate if mp-MRI can rule out significant tumor foci to avoid overdiagnosis and overtreatment of PCa.

Recent Findings: Diffusion-weighted MRI plays a major role to detect tumor foci and to rule in significant PCa. A low apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value indicates that high Gleason grade tumors are present.

Early results and complications of prostatic arterial embolization for benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Purpose: To review current knowledge on clinical outcomes and peri-operative complications of prostatic arterial embolization (PAE) in patients treated for lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) related to benign prostatic obstruction (BPO).

Methods: A systematic review of the literature published from January 2008 to January 2015 was performed on PubMed/MEDLINE.

Results: Fifty-seven articles were identified, and four were selected for inclusion in this review.

Gleason Score Determination with Transrectal Ultrasound-Magnetic Resonance Imaging Fusion Guided Prostate Biopsies--Are We Gaining in Accuracy?

Purpose: We evaluated the accuracy of prostate magnetic resonance imaging- transrectal ultrasound targeted biopsy for Gleason score determination.

Materials And Methods: We selected 125 consecutive patients treated with radical prostatectomy for a clinically localized prostate cancer diagnosed on magnetic resonance imaging-transrectal ultrasound targeted biopsy and/or systematic biopsy. On multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging each suspicious area was graded according to PI-RADS™ score.

Association of MnSOD AA Genotype with the Progression of Prostate Cancer.

Purpose: To investigate whether manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) genetic polymorphism is associated with the clinical significance of prostate cancer.

Materials And Methods: Prostates were obtained from 194 deceased men 45 years or older who did not have a history of prostate cancer. Serial sections and histological examinations of the prostate were performed.

Real-time cancer diagnosis during prostate biopsy: ex vivo evaluation of full-field optical coherence tomography (FFOCT) imaging on biopsy cores.

Objectives: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy (Acc) of full-field optical coherence tomography (FFOCT) for cancer detection on prostate biopsy.

Materials And Methods: Thirty-eight consecutive patients with elevated PSA and/or suspicious digital rectal examination were prospectively included. For each patient, 1-10 cores were randomly selected and imaged with FFOCT immediately after sampling.

Integrated US-MR fusion images and MR targeted biopsies. What are their role and value in the detection and follow-up of prostate cancer.

Accuracy of multiparametric MRI has greatly improved the ability of localizing tumor foci of prostate cancer. This property can be used to perform a TRUS-MR image registration, new technological advance, which allows for an overlay of an MRI onto a TRUS image to target a prostate biopsy toward a suspicious area Three types of registration have been developed: cognitive-based, sensor-based, and organ-based registration. Cognitive registration consists of aiming a suspicious area during biopsy with the knowledge of the lesion location identified on multiparametric MRI.

Detection of significant prostate cancer with magnetic resonance targeted biopsies--should transrectal ultrasound-magnetic resonance imaging fusion guided biopsies alone be a standard of care?

Purpose: Magnetic resonance imaging-transrectal ultrasound fusion targeted prostate biopsies were suggested to detect significant cancer with more accuracy than systematic biopsies. In this study we evaluate the pathological characteristics of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging detected and undetected tumor foci on radical prostatectomy specimens.

Materials And Methods: We selected 125 consecutive patients treated with radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer diagnosed on magnetic resonance imaging-transrectal ultrasound targeted biopsy and/or systematic biopsy.

TMPRSS2-ERG fusion transcripts expression in patients referred for prostate biopsy: combining detection in urine and needle rinse material.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to combine urine and prostate biopsy rinse material (BRM) assays to increase sensitivity for fusion gene detection.

Patients And Methods: A total of 194 patients with suspicion of prostate cancer were prospectively included. Urine samples were collected before or after prostate biopsy, as well as BRM.

CXCR4 is highly expressed at the tumor front but not in the center of prostate cancers.

Objective: To evaluate the expression of CXCR4, its ligand SDF-1, β-catenin and E-cadherin throughout the local tumor microenvironment of prostate cancer.

Patients And Methods: A total of 64 prostate cancer specimens, 24 frozen and 40 paraffin-embedded sections, were obtained from patients treated with radical prostatectomy for clinically localized cancer. Real-time RT-PCR was used for mRNA quantification of CXCR4 and SDF-1 in the tumor center (T), tumor front (F) and distant peritumoral tissue (D).