The Neuropilin-1/PKC axis promotes neuroendocrine differentiation and drug resistance of prostate cancer.

Background: Neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) is a multi-resistant variant of prostate cancer (PCa) that has become a major challenge in clinics. Understanding the neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) process at the molecular level is therefore critical to define therapeutic strategies that can prevent multi-drug resistance.

Methods: Using RNA expression profiling and immunohistochemistry, we have identified and characterised a gene expression signature associated with the emergence of NED in a large PCa cohort, including 169 hormone-naïve PCa (HNPC) and 48 castration-resistance PCa (CRPC) patients.

Erratum: CRIPTO overexpression promotes mesenchymal differentiation in prostate carcinoma cells through parallel regulation of AKT and FGFR activities.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2740.

Clinical value of ERG, TFF3, and SPINK1 for molecular subtyping of prostate cancer.

Background: In view of the marked molecular heterogeneity of prostate cancer (PCa), clinical and pathologic parameters alone may be unreliable for predicting disease outcomes after surgical intervention. The development of biomarkers may be helpful to estimate tumor heterogeneity and stratify patients in terms of their risk of progression. Levels of v-ets avian erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog (ERG), trefoil factor 3 (TFF3), and serine peptidase inhibitor, Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) are commonly elevated in PCa, but it is unclear whether the evaluation of these 3 markers can help to discriminate patients who will have different clinical outcomes.

CRIPTO overexpression promotes mesenchymal differentiation in prostate carcinoma cells through parallel regulation of AKT and FGFR activities.

Members of the EGF-CFC (Cripto, FRL-1, Cryptic) protein family are increasingly recognized as key mediators of cell movement and cell differentiation during vertebrate embryogenesis. The founding member of this protein family, CRIPTO, is overexpressed in various human carcinomas. Yet, the biological role of CRIPTO in this setting remains unclear.

Left lobe of the prostate during clinical prostate cancer screening: the dark side of the gland for right-handed examiners.

Background: The predictive value of the abnormality side during digital rectal examination (DRE) has never been studied, suggesting that physicians examined the left lobe of the gland as well as the right lobe. We aimed to assess the predictive value of the side of DRE abnormality for prostate cancer (PCa) detection and aggressiveness in right-handed urologists.

Methods: An analysis of a prospective database was carried out that included all consecutive men undergoing prostate biopsies between 2001 and 2012.

Cross modulation between the androgen receptor axis and protocadherin-PC in mediating neuroendocrine transdifferentiation and therapeutic resistance of prostate cancer.

Castration-resistant prostate cancers (CRPCs) that relapse after androgen deprivation therapies (ADTs) are responsible for the majority of mortalities from prostate cancer (PCa). While mechanisms enabling recurrent activity of androgen receptor (AR) are certainly involved in the development of CRPC, there may be factors that contribute to the process including acquired neuroendocrine (NE) cell-like behaviors working through alternate (non-AR) cell signaling systems or AR-dependent mechanisms. In this study, we explore the potential relationship between the AR axis and a novel putative marker of NE differentiation, the human male protocadherin-PC (PCDH-PC), in vitro and in human situations.

Risk of repeat biopsy and prostate cancer detection after an initial extended negative biopsy: longitudinal follow-up from a prospective trial.

Unlabelled: WHAT'S KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT? AND WHAT DOES THE STUDY ADD?: Even after a negative set of prostate biopsies, the risk of undetected prostate cancer remains clinically significant. Predictive markers of such a risk are undefined. In addition to PSA and PSAD, low prostate volume and %fPSA are interesting time-varying risk factors and are relevant in biopsy decision-making.

Prediction of the risk of harboring prostate cancer by a prebiopsy nomogram based on extended biopsy protocol.

Objective: We aimed to build a nomogram allowing to predict the probability of prostate cancer (PC) after an initial 21-core biopsy and with readily available clinical data.

Methods: 1,490 screened men who underwent an initial 21-core biopsy protocol were included. A multivariate logistic regression was realized including age, prostate volume, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level, digital rectal examination (DRE) and transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS).

Prospective evaluation of an extended 21-core biopsy scheme as initial prostate cancer diagnostic strategy.

Background: The debate on the optimal number of prostate biopsy core samples that should be taken as an initial strategy is open.

Objective: To prospectively evaluate the diagnostic yield of a 21-core biopsy protocol as an initial strategy for prostate cancer (PCa) detection.

Design, Setting, And Participants: During 10 yr, 2753 consecutive patients underwent a 21-core biopsy scheme for their first set of biopsy specimens.

Prostate cancer antigen 3 score accurately predicts tumour volume and might help in selecting prostate cancer patients for active surveillance.

Background: The optimal selection of prostate cancer (PCa) patients for active surveillance (AS) is currently being debated.

Objective: To assess the impact of urinary prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3) score as an AS criterion instead of and in addition to the current criteria.

Design, Setting, And Participants: We prospectively studied 106 consecutive low-risk PCa patients (prostate-specific antigen [PSA] ≤10 ng/ml, clinical stage T1c-T2a, and biopsy Gleason score 6) who underwent a PCA3 urine test before radical prostatectomy (RP).

Class III beta-tubulin expression predicts prostate tumor aggressiveness and patient response to docetaxel-based chemotherapy.

Expression of class III β-tubulin (βIII-tubulin) correlates with tumor progression and resistance to taxane-based therapies for several human malignancies, but its use as a biomarker of tumor behavior in prostate cancer (PCa) remains largely unexplored. Here, we describe βIII-tubulin immunohistochemical staining patterns of prostate tumors obtained from a broad spectrum of PCa patients, some of whom subsequently received docetaxel therapy for castration-resistant PCa (CRPC). Elevated βIII-tubulin expression was significantly associated with tumor aggressiveness in PCa patients with presumed localized disease, as it was found to be an independent marker of biochemical recurrence after treatment.

The effect of prostate-specific antigen screening during the last decade: development of clinicopathological variables independently of the biopsy core number.

Objective: To study the development of stage migration in prostate cancer after controlling for the number of biopsy cores.

Patients And Methods: In all, 1826 patients had a first set of 21-core biopsies taken between 2001 and 2008. Among the 801 patients with prostate cancer, 443 had a laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RP).

Oncologic outcome after extraperitoneal laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: midterm follow-up of 1115 procedures.

Background: Although the first laparoscopic radical prostatectomy was performed in 1997, few midterm oncologic data have been published for the extraperitoneal procedure.

Objective: To determine the oncologic outcome of extraperitoneal laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (ELRP).

Design, Setting, And Participants: From 2000 to 2007, 1115 consecutive patients underwent ELRP for a localized prostate cancer at our department.

Increased expression of class III beta-tubulin in castration-resistant human prostate cancer.

Background: Class III beta-tubulin (betaIII-tubulin) is expressed in tissues of neuronal lineage and also in several human malignancies, including non-small-cell lung carcinoma, breast and ovarian cancer. Overexpression of betaIII-tubulin in these tumours is associated with an unfavourable outcome and resistance to taxane-based therapies. At present, betaIII-tubulin expression remains largely uncharacterised in prostate cancer.

Inflammation in benign prostatic hyperplasia: a 282 patients' immunohistochemical analysis.

Introduction And Objectives: Prostatic inflammation could be a key component in prostate enlargement and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) progression. Our aim was to characterize inflammatory cells infiltrate within BPH tissue and to correlate inflammation and clinical data.

Material And Methods: Inflammation was profiled on three clinical outcome tissue microarrays (TMAs), including 282 patients treated by surgery for a complicated and/or symptomatic BPH.

Association between estrogen and androgen receptor genes and prostate cancer risk.

Objective: Prostate cancer (PC) is one of the principal causes of death among men. Steroid hormones are involved in normal prostate growth and carcinogenesis. The purpose of our study was to investigate the effects on PC risk of polymorphisms from three steroid hormone receptor genes: the androgen (AR), and the alpha (ESR1) and beta (ESR2) estrogen receptors.

Prostate cancer detection rate in patients with repeated extended 21-sample needle biopsy.

Background: Prevalence of prostate cancer (PCa) after a negative first extended prostate needle biopsy protocol is unknown.

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of significant PCa in patients who have had a negative first extended prostate biopsy protocol.

Design, Setting, And Participants: Between March 2001 and May 2007, 2500 consecutive patients underwent an extended protocol of 21 biopsies.

Combination of polymorphisms from genes related to estrogen metabolism and risk of prostate cancers: the hidden face of estrogens.

Purpose: The association between common functional polymorphisms from the CYP17, CYP19, CYP1B1, and COMT genes involved in the estrogen metabolism and the risk of prostate carcinoma was evaluated.

Patients And Methods: The study investigated 1,983 white French men (1,101 patients with prostate cancer and 882 healthy controls) aged between 40 and 98 years. The different alleles and genotypes were analyzed according to case-control status, aggressiveness pattern of the tumors, age at onset, and family history of cancers.

Low-activity V89L variant in SRD5A2 is associated with aggressive prostate cancer risk: an explanation for the adverse effects observed in chemoprevention trials using 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors.

Objective: The 5-alpha-reductase type 2 (5A2) enzyme catalyses the irreversible conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, the most active androgen in the prostate. This key enzyme in prostate gland physiopathology has recently been targeted by using inhibitors for chemoprevention of prostate cancer. However, some controversies have arisen by the observation of greater than expected high-grade tumours in men diagnosed with prostate cancer in the finasteride chemoprevention trial.

Abnormal capacity to induce cholesterol efflux and a new LpA-I pre-beta particle in type 2 diabetic patients.

In this study, we first characterized the lipoprotein components of serum samples obtained from a group of well-controlled diabetic patients and from healthy subjects in fasting and postprandial states. We then explored some aspects of reverse cholesterol transport in the same population. Patients showed high levels of fasting triglycerides, postprandial triglyceride responses and LpC-III levels (3.

Comparison between extra virgin olive oil and oleic acid rich sunflower oil: effects on postprandial lipemia and LDL susceptibility to oxidation.

The aim of our study was to determine whether the minor polar components of virgin olive oil could have favorable effects (1) on fasting and postprandial lipid profile and (2) on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) composition and susceptibility to oxidation in vitro. Ten normolipidic subjects were included in a crossover study (two diet periods of 3 weeks) and received either virgin olive oil (OO diet) or oleic acid rich sunflower oil. An oral fat load was performed at the end of each period.