Artificial intelligence and machine learning in cancer imaging.

An increasing array of tools is being developed using artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) for cancer imaging. The development of an optimal tool requires multidisciplinary engagement to ensure that the appropriate use case is met, as well as to undertake robust development and testing prior to its adoption into healthcare systems. This multidisciplinary review highlights key developments in the field.

Diagnostic accuracy of whole-body MRI versus standard imaging pathways for metastatic disease in newly diagnosed non-small-cell lung cancer: the prospective Streamline L trial.

Background: Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (WB-MRI) could be an alternative to multi-modality staging of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but its diagnostic accuracy, effect on staging times, number of tests needed, cost, and effect on treatment decisions are unknown. We aimed to prospectively compare the diagnostic accuracy and efficiency of WB-MRI-based staging pathways with standard pathways in NSCLC.

Methods: The Streamline L trial was a prospective, multicentre trial done in 16 hospitals in England.

Duty of candour: implications for radiologists.

This article addresses duty of candour in relation to radiologists. The legislation underpinning duty of candour, definition of terms and the requirements for its application are explained. Consideration is given as to the differences between duty of candour and openness of discussion.

Complications of pulmonary hypertension: a pictorial review.

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a rare disease with a significant morbidity and mortality if untreated. The disease has a multifactorial aetiology and is often associated with insidious onset of signs and symptoms. Multimodality imaging is often required for establishing the diagnosis, evaluating the underlying haemodynamic compromise and follow-up after institution of therapy.

Changes in renal function in elderly patients following intravenous iodinated contrast administration: a retrospective study.

Background. Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is a recognised complication of intravascular administration of iodinated contrast media (ICM). Previous studies suggest a higher incidence in the elderly, but no large study has assessed this to date.

Interstitial lung disease and ANCA-associated vasculitis: a retrospective observational cohort study.

Objectives: ANCA-associated vasculitis and interstitial lung disease (ILD) are uncommon conditions. The occurrence of both diseases in the same patient is increasingly recognized. Our aim was to ascertain the characteristics and outcomes of patients with ILD and ANCA-associated vasculitis.

Abnormal myocardial insulin signalling in type 2 diabetes and left-ventricular dysfunction.

Aims: Whole body and myocardial insulin resistance are features of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and left-ventricular dysfunction (LVD). We determined whether abnormalities of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS1), IRS1-associated PI3K (IRS1-PI3K), and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) contribute to tissue-specific insulin resistance.

Methods And Results: We collected skeletal muscle (n = 27) and myocardial biopsies (n = 24) from control patients (n = 7), patients with NIDDM (n = 9) and patients with LVD (n = 8), who were characterized by euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp and positron emission tomography.

Pulmonary emboli and extramedullary haematopoiesis in beta-thalassaemia intermedia.

We present a case of a 52-year-old woman with beta-thalassaemia intermedia under investigation for pulmonary hypertension. V/Q scan demonstrated bilateral pulmonary emboli. In addition there was evidence of central, posterior matched defects.

Iodine-123 uptake in vertebral haemangiomas in a patient with papillary thyroid carcinoma.

We present a case of a 58-year-old woman with papillary carcinoma of the thyroid and elevated thyroglobulin. Whole body 123I scan with SPECT images demonstrated focal uptake in the thoracic spine, reported as bone metastases. Subsequent (18)FDG PET and (99m)Tc HDP bone were normal.

A comparison of conventional film, CR hard copy and PACS soft copy images of the chest: analyses of ROC curves and inter-observer agreement.

Study Objective: The aim of this study was to determine whether the accuracy of diagnosis of a spectrum of chest pathology was affected by the imaging technique used, and to compare conventional film/screen, hard copy computed (phosphor plate) radiography (CR) and soft copy CR (PACS) images.

Materials And Methods: For each of 44 patients who had a CT examination of the thorax, PA and lateral chest radiographs were produced using conventional film, hard copy CR and soft copy PACS images. Five radiologists independently scored all images for the presence of abnormalities.