Classical conditioning and conditionability of insulin and glucose effects in healthy humans.

We examined whether the effects of intravenously injected insulin and glucose (the physiological endogenous insulin production stimulus) could be classically conditioned in healthy humans. We expected a conditioned blood glucose decrease to a conditioned stimulus (CS) previously paired with insulin and an, albeit lower, blood glucose decrease to a CS paired with glucose injection. In addition, we analyzed glucoregulatory hormone and symptom conditionability.