Sensitivity to missing not at random dropout in clinical trials: Use and interpretation of the trimmed means estimator.

Outcome values in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) may be missing not at random (MNAR), if patients with extreme outcome values are more likely to drop out (eg, due to perceived ineffectiveness of treatment, or adverse effects). In such scenarios, estimates from complete case analysis (CCA) and multiple imputation (MI) will be biased. We investigate the use of the trimmed means (TM) estimator for the case of univariable missingness in one continuous outcome.

Effective dose 50 method as the minimal clinically important difference: Evidence from depression trials.

Objective: Previous research on the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) for depression and anxiety is based on population averages. The present study aimed to identify the MCID across the spectrum of baseline severity.

Study Design And Settings: The present analysis used secondary data from 2 randomized controlled trials for depression (n = 1,122) to calibrate the Global Rating of Change with the PHQ-9 and GAD-7.

Sex differences in depressive symptoms and tolerability after treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants: Secondary analyses of the GENPOD trial.

Background: Differences in serotonergic neurotransmission could lead to sex differences in depressive symptoms and tolerability after treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).

Aims: We investigated whether women have greater reductions in depressive symptoms than men after treatment with an SSRI (citalopram) compared with a noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (reboxetine) control, and after antidepressant treatment irrespective of class. We also investigated tolerability and the influence of menopausal status.

Variation in recognition of happy and sad facial expressions and self-reported depressive symptom severity: A prospective cohort study.

Objective: Cognitive theories suggest people with depression interpret self-referential social information negatively. However, it is unclear whether these biases precede or follow depression. We investigated whether facial expression recognition was associated with depressive symptoms cross-sectionally and longitudinally.

Is screen time associated with anxiety or depression in young people? Results from a UK birth cohort.

Background: There is limited and conflicting evidence for associations between use of screen-based technology and anxiety and depression in young people. We examined associations between screen time measured at 16 years and anxiety and depression at 18.

Methods: Participants (n = 14,665; complete cases n = 1869) were from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, a UK-based prospective cohort study.

Mirtazapine added to SSRIs or SNRIs for treatment resistant depression in primary care: phase III randomised placebo controlled trial (MIR).

Objective: To investigate the effectiveness of combining mirtazapine with serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants for treatment resistant depression in primary care.

Design: Two parallel group multicentre phase III randomised placebo controlled trial.

Setting: 106 general practices in four UK sites; Bristol, Exeter, Hull, and Keele/North Staffs, August 2013 to October 2015.

Individuals' Long Term Use of Cognitive Behavioural Skills to Manage their Depression: A Qualitative Study.

Background: Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) aims to teach people skills to help them self-manage their depression. Trial evidence shows that CBT is an effective treatment for depression and individuals may experience benefits long-term. However, there is little research about individuals' continued use of CBT skills once treatment has finished.

Long-term effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy for treatment-resistant depression in primary care: follow-up of the CoBalT randomised controlled trial.

Background: Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment for people whose depression has not responded to antidepressants. However, the long-term outcome is unknown. In a long-term follow-up of the CoBalT trial, we examined the clinical and cost-effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy as an adjunct to usual care that included medication over 3-5 years in primary care patients with treatment-resistant depression.

Facilitated physical activity as a treatment for depressed adults: randomised controlled trial.

Objective: To investigate the effectiveness of facilitated physical activity as an adjunctive treatment for adults with depression presenting in primary care.

Design: Pragmatic, multicentre, two arm parallel randomised controlled trial.

Setting: General practices in Bristol and Exeter.

Severity of depression and response to antidepressants: GENPOD randomised controlled trial.

Background: Antidepressant prescribing is widespread. Nonetheless, response to antidepressants is variable. If it was possible to predict response to medication and thus tailor treatment accordingly, this would not only improve patient outcomes but may also have economic benefits.

Physical activity and depression in adolescents: cross-sectional findings from the ALSPAC cohort.

Purpose: Few studies have examined the association between physical activity (PA), measured objectively, and adolescent depressive symptoms. The aim of this study was to determine whether there is an association between objective measures of PA (total PA and time spent in moderate and vigorous PA (MVPA)) and adolescent depressive symptoms.

Methods: Data on 2,951 adolescents participating in ALSPAC were used.

Factors associated with differential response to online cognitive behavioural therapy.

Purpose: Patients differ in their response to treatments. There is obvious clinical utility in establishing patient characteristics that are associated with differential treatment responses (i.e.

Physical activity as a treatment for depression: the TREAD randomised trial protocol.

Background: Depression is one of the most common reasons for consulting a General Practitioner (GP) within the UK. Whilst antidepressants have been shown to be clinically effective, many patients and healthcare professionals would like to access other forms of treatment as an alternative or adjunct to drug therapy for depression. A recent systematic review presented some evidence that physical activity could offer one such option, although further investigation is needed to test its effectiveness within the context of the National Health Service.

Physical activity and emotional problems amongst adolescents : a longitudinal study.

Background: Promotion of physical activity (PA) is at the top of the public health agenda. However, there are few longitudinal studies investigating the relationship between PA and children's mental health. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the association between self-reported physical activity (PA) and emotional problems 1-year later in a cohort of schoolchildren.

Socio-economic status in childhood and later alcohol use: a systematic review.

Aim: To conduct a systematic review of longitudinal studies that examined the association between childhood socio-economic status (SES) and alcohol use in later life.

Methods: A systematic search to identify all longitudinal population-based studies that examined the association between childhood SES and later alcohol use.

Results: Nineteen relevant articles were identified (eight birth cohorts and 11 papers on school-aged cohorts).

Active exercise, education, and cognitive behavioral therapy for persistent disabling low back pain: a randomized controlled trial.

Study Design: A randomized controlled trial.

Objectives: To determine 1) whether, among patients with persistent disabling low back pain (LBP), a group program of exercise and education using a cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) approach, reduces pain and disability over a subsequent 12-month period; 2) the cost-effectiveness of the intervention; and 3) whether a priori preference for type of treatment influences outcome.

Summary Of Background Data: There is evidence that both exercise and CBT delivered in specialist settings is effective in improving LBP.

Physical activity and common mental disorder: results from the Caerphilly study.

The authors examined associations between leisure-time and occupational physical activity and common mental disorder (CMD), defined as anxiety and depression, using data from a cohort of middle-aged men in Caerphilly, South Wales, United Kingdom, who were followed for 5 years (1989-1993) and 10 years (1993-1997). CMD was measured using the General Health Questionnaire. Total leisure-time activity and percentage of time spent in heavy-intensity activity were estimated from self-reports (Minnesota Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire).

Self-reported psychotic symptoms in the general population: results from the longitudinal study of the British National Psychiatric Morbidity Survey.

Background: Scarce longitudinal data exist on the occurrence of psychotic symptoms in the general population.

Aims: To estimate the incidence of, and risk factors for, self-reported psychotic symptoms in Great Britain.

Method: Data from the 18-month follow-up of a national survey were used.

Early parental and child predictors of recurrent abdominal pain at school age: results of a large population-based study.

Objective: To assess whether parental psychological and physical factors and child factors measured in the first year of life were associated with recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) in children at age 6(3/4) years.

Method: A longitudinal cohort study (the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children), followed 8,272 children from pregnancy to age 6(3/4) years. Parental reports of child and parent functioning were gathered.

Predicting persistent disabling low back pain in general practice: a prospective cohort study.

Background: Patients may adopt active and/or passive coping strategies in response to pain. However, it is not known whether these strategies may also precede the onset of chronic symptoms and, if so, whether they are independent predictors of prognosis.

Aim: To examine, in patients with low back pain in general practice, the prognostic value of active and passive coping styles, in the context of baseline levels of pain, disability and pain duration.

Predicting new onset of widespread pain following a motor vehicle collision.

Objective: To determine, in a group of persons involved in a motor vehicle collision, the contributions of pre-collision health and psychological factors, the social environment, collision-specific factors, and post-collision symptoms, to the new onset of widespread pain (WP).

Methods: A prospective cohort study of persons, registered with an insurance company, who had recently experienced a motor vehicle collision. Participants were sent a questionnaire to assess pre-collision health, collision-specific factors, post-collision health, and WP.

Fetal growth and childhood behavioral problems: results from the ALSPAC cohort.

Using data on 4,813 children from the ALSPAC cohort in Bristol, United Kingdom, recontacted in 1998-1999, the authors investigated whether intrauterine growth restriction (indexed by birth weight and length) was associated with behavioral problems at age 7 years. Childhood behavioral problems were measured by using a brief behavioral screening questionnaire (the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (parental completion)). For term singleton infants, a one standard deviation increase in birth weight was associated with an 11% reduction in the odds of behavioral problems at age 81 months.

Alcohol consumption as a risk factor for anxiety and depression: results from the longitudinal follow-up of the National Psychiatric Morbidity Survey.

Background: Longitudinal studies have been in conclusive in identifying alcohol as a risk factor for anxiety and depression.

Aims: To examine whether excessive alcohol consumption is a risk factor for anxiety and depression in the general population, and whether anxiety and depression are risk factors for excessive alcohol consumption.

Method: Data were analysed from the 18-month follow-up of the Psychiatric Morbidity Among Adults Living in Private Households, 2000 survey.

Onset of neck pain after a motor vehicle accident: a case-control study.

Objective: To assess the relative contribution of constitutional (individual) factors, pre-accident health, psychological and workplace psychosocial factors, and accident related (mechanical) factors in the development of neck pain (whiplash) following a motor vehicle accident.

Methods: We conducted a case-control study of drivers (ages 17-70 yrs) who reported a motor vehicle accident to their insurance company. A self-report mailed questionnaire retrospectively collected information on the driver's pre- and post-accident health, details of the accident, and other exposure data.