Mad or mad-mad: conveying subtle emotion with face emoji.

Unlabelled: To compensate for the lack of pragmatic information available when communicating via text message, texters make frequent use of texting-specific cues, or , to convey meaning that would otherwise be apparent in spoken conversation. Here, we explore how one such cue, face emoji, can impact the interpretation of text messages.

Methods: In Experiment 1, we paired neutral text messages with valenced face emoji to determine whether the emoji can alter the meaning of the text.