Transposon-sequencing (Tn-seq) of the Candida glabrata reference strain CBS138 reveals epigenetic plasticity, structural variation, and intrinsic mechanisms of resistance to micafungin.

Candida glabrata (also called Nakaseomyces glabratus) is an opportunistic pathogen that can resist common antifungals and rapidly acquire multidrug resistance. A large amount of genetic variation exists between isolates, which complicates generalizations. Portable transposon-sequencing (Tn-seq) methods can efficiently provide genome-wide information on strain differences and genetic mechanisms.

Tn-seq of the reference strain CBS138 reveals epigenetic plasticity, structural variation, and intrinsic mechanisms of resistance to micafungin.

Unlabelled: is an opportunistic pathogen that can resist common antifungals and rapidly acquire multidrug resistance. A large amount of genetic variation exists between isolates, which complicates generalizations. Portable Tn-seq methods can efficiently provide genome-wide information on strain differences and genetic mechanisms.

Calcineurin-dependent contributions to fitness in the opportunistic pathogen .

The protein phosphatase calcineurin is vital for the virulence of the opportunistic fungal pathogen . The host-induced stresses that activate calcineurin signaling are unknown, as are the targets of calcineurin relevant to virulence. To potentially shed light on these processes, millions of transposon insertion mutants throughout the genome of were profiled for fitness defects in the presence of FK506, a specific inhibitor of calcineurin.

Redefining pleiotropic drug resistance in a pathogenic yeast: Pdr1 functions as a sensor of cellular stresses in .

is a prominent opportunistic fungal pathogen of humans. The increasing incidence of infections is attributed to both innate and acquired resistance to antifungals. Previous studies suggest the transcription factor Pdr1 and several target genes encoding ABC transporters are critical elements of pleiotropic defense against azoles and other antifungals.

Redefining Pleiotropic Drug Resistance in a Pathogenic Yeast: Pdr1 Functions as a Sensor of Cellular Stresses in .

Unlabelled: is a prominent opportunistic fungal pathogen of humans. The increasing incidence of infections is attributed to both innate and acquired resistance to antifungals. Previous studies suggest the transcription factor Pdr1 and several target genes encoding ABC transporters are critical elements of pleiotropic defense against azoles and other antifungals.

Live-cell single particle imaging reveals the role of RNA polymerase II in histone H2A.Z eviction.

The H2A.Z histone variant, a genome-wide hallmark of permissive chromatin, is enriched near transcription start sites in all eukaryotes. H2A.

Variable Temperature Infrared Spectroscopy Studies of Aromatic Acid Adsorbate Effects on Montmorillonite Dehydration.

Molecular interactions between benzoic, salicylic, and acetylsalicylic acids and water contained within montmorillonite clay interlayer spaces are characterized by using variable temperature diffuse reflection infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (VT-DRIFTS). By using sample perturbation and difference spectroscopy, infrared (IR) spectral variations resulting from the removal of interlayer water are used to characterize aromatic acid local environment changes. Difference spectra features representing functional group perturbations are correlated with changes in IR absorptions associated with -O-H and -C = O stretching vibrations.

Highlighting Hospital and Patient Concerns this Election Year.

Campaign 2016 is in full swing, and the American Hospital Association is seizing the opportunity to make sure the concerns of patients and hospitals are heard. On the front burner: escalating drug prices.

Variable Temperature Infrared Spectroscopy Investigations of Benzoic Acid Desorption from Sodium and Calcium Montmorillonite Clays.

Processes involved in thermal desorption of benzoic acid from sodium and calcium montmorillonite clays are investigated by using variable temperature diffuse reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS). By monitoring the temperature dependence of infrared absorbance bands while heating samples, subtle changes in molecular vibrations are detected and employed to characterize specific benzoic acid adsorption sites. Abrupt changes in benzoic acid adsorption site properties occur for both clay samples at about 125 °C.

Variable Temperature Infrared Spectroscopy Investigation of Benzoic Acid Interactions with Montmorillonite Clay Interlayer Water.

Molecular interactions between benzoic acid and cations and water contained in montmorillonite clay interlayer spaces are characterized by using variable temperature diffuse reflection infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (VT-DRIFTS). Using sample perturbation and difference spectroscopy, infrared spectral changes resulting from removal of interlayer water and associated changes in local benzoic acid environments are identified. Difference spectra features can be correlated with changes in specific molecular vibrations that are characteristic of benzoic acid molecular orientation.

Perioperative visual loss after spine surgery.

Perioperative visual loss (POVL) is an uncommon, but devastating complication that remains primarily associated with spine and cardiac surgery. The incidence and mechanisms of visual loss after surgery remain difficult to determine. According to the American Society of Anesthesiologists Postoperative Visual Loss Registry, the most common causes of POVL in spine procedures are the two different forms of ischemic optic neuropathy: anterior ischemic optic neuropathy and posterior ischemic optic neuropathy, accounting for 89% of the cases.

Time-resolved volumetric measurement of fine-scale coherent structures in turbulence.

We present full volumetric (three-dimensional) time-resolved (+one-dimensional) measurements of the velocity field in a large water mixing tank, allowing us to assess spatial and temporal rotational energy (enstrophy) and turbulent energy dissipation intermittency. In agreement with previous studies, highly intermittent behavior is observed, with intense coherent flow structures clustering in the periphery of larger vortices. However, further to previous work the full volumetric measurements allow us to separate out the effects of advection from other effects, elucidating not only their topology but also the evolution of these intense events, through the local balance of stretching and diffusion.

Some characteristics of thin shear layers in homogeneous turbulent flow.

Tomographic particle image velocimetry measurements of homogeneous isotropic turbulence that have been made in a large mixing tank facility at Cambridge are analysed in order to characterize thin highly sheared regions that have been observed. The results indicate that such regions coincide with regions of high enstrophy, dissipation and stretching. Large velocity jumps are observed across the width of these regions.

Functional morphology of the nasal region of a hammerhead shark.

We describe several novel morphological features in the nasal region of the hammerhead shark Sphyrna tudes. Unlike the open, rounded incurrent nostril of non-hammerhead shark species, the incurrent nostril of S. tudes is a thin keyhole-like aperture.

Does nitric oxide modulate transmitter release at the mammalian neuromuscular junction?

1. Application of the nitric oxide (NO) donor, sodium nitrite and the NO synthase substrate l-arginine had no effect on nerve-evoked transmitter release in the rat isolated phrenic nerve/hemidiaphragm preparation; however, when adenosine A(1) receptors were blocked with the adenosine A(1) receptor antagonist 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine (DPCPX) prior to application of sodium nitrate or l-arginine, a significant increase in transmitter release was observed. In addition, the NO donor s-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) significantly increased transmitter release in the presence of DPCPX.

Some predictions of the attached eddy model for a high Reynolds number boundary layer.

Many flows of practical interest occur at high Reynolds number, at which the flow in most of the boundary layer is turbulent, showing apparently random fluctuations in velocity across a wide range of scales. The range of scales over which these fluctuations occur increases with the Reynolds number and hence high Reynolds number flows are difficult to compute or predict. In this paper, we discuss the structure of these flows and describe a physical model, based on the attached eddy hypothesis, which makes predictions for the statistical properties of these flows and their variation with Reynolds number.

Effect of theophylline and aminophylline on transmitter release at the mammalian neuromuscular junction is not mediated by cAMP.

1. Theophylline and aminophylline have been widely used as inhibitors of phosphodiesterase when examining the role of cAMP in regulating cell function. In reality, however, these phosphodiesterase inhibitors may have additional sites of action that could complicate the interpretation of the results.

Evidence of the kappa1-1 law in a high-Reynolds-number turbulent boundary layer.

Dimensional analysis and overlap arguments lead to a prediction of a region in the streamwise velocity spectrum of wall-bounded turbulent flows in which the dependence on the streamwise wave number, kappa(1), is given by kappa(1)(-1). Some recent experiments have questioned the existence of this region. In this Letter, experimental spectra are presented which support the existence of the kappa(1)(-1) law in a high-Reynolds-number boundary layer.