Ball-Flight Viewing Duration and Estimates of Passing Height in Baseball.

Predictions of the vertical location of a pitched ball (termed the passing height) when the ball arrives at an observer may be based on internal models of ball trajectory and situational cues, kinematic cues from the pitcher's motion, and visual ball-flight cues. The informational content of ball-flight cues for judgments of vertical passing height when the ball's launch angle is small and when situational and kinematic cues are limited is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine whether passing heights can be judged adequately from ball-flight cues and whether judgments of passing height improve as viewing time increases under the aforementioned conditions.

Test-Retest Reliability and Reliable Change Estimates for Sensorimotor Concussion Assessments in Healthy Young Adults.

Context: Sensorimotor impairments are common sequela following concussion, but recovery following a concussion is often determined through examiner scored clinical testing. There are emerging technologies that provide objective methods to determine physiological impairment after concussion, but the psychometrics of these tools are lacking and must be established for use in clinical practice.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the test-retest reliability and provide reliable change estimates in healthy young adults for outcomes from 3 emerging technologies providing objective assessments of sensorimotor function in healthy young adults.

Normative Performance Profiles of College Aged Esport Athletes in a Pilot Study.

Aims: This study aimed to holistically assess the physical and cognitive attributes of esport athletes.

Methods And Results: Forty-six adults between 18 and 32 years old with experience playing videogames were enrolled in this study. Participants completed assessments in five areas: demographics, self-report questionnaires, cognitive performance, physical performance, and gaming performance.

Studies of Vision in Cricket-A Narrative Review.

Vision is thought to play a substantial role in hitting and fielding in cricket. An understanding of which visual skills contribute during cricket play could inform future clinical training trials. This paper reviews what has been reported thus far regarding the relationship of visual skills to cricket performance and reviews the results of clinical trials in which the impact of visual skills training on cricket performance has been addressed.

Topical Review: Methodological Variables in Clinical and Laboratory Measurements of Fixation Disparity.

Fixation disparity is a small vergence error that does not disrupt fusion. Fixation disparity measures correlate with binocular symptoms. This article covers methodological differences between clinical fixation disparity measurement devices, findings when objective and subjective fixation disparities are compared, and the potential impact of binocular capture on fixation disparity measurements.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging activation for different vergence eye movement subtypes.

Introduction: Maddox suggested that there were four convergence subtypes, each driven by a different stimulus. The purpose of this study was to assess the neural correlates for accommodative convergence, proximal convergence (convergence stimulus provided), disparity convergence and voluntary convergence (no specific convergence stimulus provided) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

Methods: Ten subjects (mean age = 24.

Arousal/Stress Effects of "Overwatch" eSports Game Competition in Collegiate Gamers.

Kraemer, WJ, Caldwell, LK, Post, EM, Beeler, MK, Emerson, A, Volek, JS, Maresh, CM, Fogt, JS, Fogt, N, Häkkinen, K, Newton, RU, Lopez, P, Sanchez, BN, and Onate, JA. Arousal/stress effects of "Overwatch" eSports game competition in collegiate gamers. J Strength Cond Res 36(10): 2671-2675, 2022-To date, no physical response data are available for one of the most popular eSport games, Overwatch .

Coincidence Anticipation Timing Responses with Head Tracking and Eye Tracking.

Head tracking movements are common in interceptive tasks. The benefits of these movements are unclear. The purpose of this study was to compare coincidence anticipation timing (CAT) responses for a simulated approaching object when the eyes were used in tracking the object and when the head was used in tracking the object.

Estimations of the Passing Height of Approaching Objects.

Significance: Limited optical cues associated with ball flight were inadequate to estimate the vertical passing distance of approaching balls. These results suggest that these optical cues either must be integrated with contextual and kinematic cues or must be of larger amplitude to contribute to estimates of vertical passing distance.

Purpose: To intercept or avoid approaching objects, individuals must estimate both when and where the object will arrive.

Visual and Ocular Characteristics of eSports Participants.

Significance: The popularity of competitive video game play is growing rapidly. Little is known about the ocular characteristics of esports participants. Refractive error and binocular measures in young adult gamers were similar to population norms.

Review: Head and Eye Movements and Gaze Tracking in Baseball Batting.

After a 30-year gap, several studies on head and eye movements and gaze tracking in baseball batting have been performed in the last decade. These baseball studies may lead to training protocols for batting. Here we review these studies and compare the tracking behaviors with those in other sports.

Driving performance and road sign identification by multifocal contact lens wearers in a driving simulator.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare sign identification distances and driving performance metrics in presbyopic participants while wearing multifocal contact lenses (MFCL) and while wearing progressive addition lens (PAL) spectacles.

Methods: 19 presbyopic participants completed PAL spectacle assessments and contact lens fitting and follow up visits before driving assessments began. These assessments occurred in a simulator equipped with a full-sized sedan on a motion platform and a 260 degree screen.

Visual performance with multifocal contact lenses and progressive addition spectacles.

Purpose: As presbyopia occurs, new visual demands create a need for clear vision at multiple distances. Many spectacle wearers adapt into progressive addition lenses (PAL) in order to see clearly at distance, intermediate, and near. A multifocal contact lens provides the ability to see at these same distances without the prismatic effects of a spectacle lens or the peripheral obstruction of a spectacle frame.

Comparisons of proximal vergence measures.

Background: Proximal vergence is defined as a vergence eye movement subtype driven by an "awareness of nearness". The purpose of this experiment was to compare values of proximal vergence calculated with and without measures of accommodation to assess the clinical utility of each measurement method.

Methods: Thirteen participants between the ages of 22 and 37 (mean = 28.

Vertical head and eye movements in baseball batting.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to describe a method utilized to measure vertical head and eye movements and gaze positions of baseball batters and to report the initial findings generated with this method.

Method: Two former collegiate baseball players participated. Subjects batted balls from a pitching machine.

Comparison of nanoemulsion and non-emollient artificial tears on tear lipid layer thickness and symptoms.

Purpose: Dry eye disease (DED) is often managed with over-the-counter eye drops. This study evaluated the diurnal effects of a single drop of two ocular lubricants (nanoemulsion vs. non-emollient) on tear film lipid layer thickness (LLT) and symptoms of ocular dryness.

Changes in Tear Lipid Layer Thickness and Symptoms Following the Use of Artificial Tears with and Without Omega-3 Fatty Acids: A Randomized, Double-Masked, Crossover Study.

Purpose: To determine if an eye drop containing omega-3 fatty acids (Refresh Optive MEGA-3, Allergan plc, Dublin, Ireland) increases the lipid layer thickness (LLT) of the tear film versus a non-emollient eye drop (Refresh Optive, Allergan plc).

Methods: Patients (≥30 years) with baseline LLT ≤75 nm completed the Current Symptoms Survey (CSS - a visual analog survey of dry eye symptoms), and LLT was measured pre- and post-instillation (15 and 60 mins) of their randomly assigned treatment. After washout, patients were tested with the other treatment.

A Pilot Study of Horizontal Head and Eye Rotations in Baseball Batting.

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to measure and compare horizontal head and eye tracking movements as baseball batters "took" pitches and swung at baseball pitches.

Methods: Two former college baseball players were tested in two conditions. A pitching machine was used to project tennis balls toward the subjects.

A review of proximal inputs to the near response.

Maddox proposed that the perceived nearness of a target could influence the ocular vergence response. Proximal inputs have been used to refer to all static and dynamic cues to depth other than disparity and blur. In this paper, we review a number of studies in which proximal influences have been assessed.

Neural circuit involved in idiopathic infantile nystagmus syndrome based on FMRI.

Purpose: To identify the neural circuitry of idiopathic infantile nystagmus syndrome (INS), characterized by an early onset alternating series of slow and rapid eye movements that can manifest in different waveforms and genetic lines. The neural circuitry of INS is currently unknown.

Methods: A novel functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) method, referred to as the null zone fMRI technique, was used to identify the neural circuitry for INS.

Evaluation of single pixel step sizes in visual acuity assessment.

Purpose: Adaptive thresholding procedures (e.g., ZEST) benefit from testing near the current estimate of threshold.

Vergence adaptation in clinical vergence testing.

Background: The purposes of this investigation were to determine whether vergence adaptation occurs after vergence range testing and vergence facility testing and to determine whether vergence adaptation correlates with the results of these tests.

Methods: Thirty subjects participated in 3 testing sessions on different days. During each session 1 of the following was tested: base-out prism bar vergences, vergence facility (12 base-out/3 base-in binocular prism flippers for 1 minute), and 5 minutes viewing with 6 prism diopters of base-out prism.

Instruction dependent activation during optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) stimulation: An FMRI study at 3T.

Modifying experimental conditions of optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) result in different outcomes and may not optimally translate into clinical testing. The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of subject instruction on the anatomical correlates of OKN. The instructions were to voluntarily look or stare at the same moving grating with fixed contrast and spatial and temporal frequencies.

The influence of vergence adaptation on open-loop vergence dynamics.

The objectives of this experiment were to measure the effect of sustained convergence on the open-loop vergence peak velocity and open-loop vergence amplitude, and to assess the correlation between changes in the phoria and changes in open-loop vergence peak velocity induced by sustained convergence. Subjects sustained convergence on a target that required 12 degrees of convergence for 5 minutes. Convergence and divergence movements of 4 degrees from the 12 degrees convergent position were measured before and after sustained convergence.