An evaluation of washer-disinfectors (WD) and dishwashers (DW) effectiveness in terms of processing dental instruments.

Purpose: The aim of this study is to consider the effectiveness of a small sample of dishwashers (DW) compared to washer-disinfectors (WD) for cleaning dental instruments prior to sterilisation. Processing instruments in the context of this article means cleaning and disinfecting the instruments.

Materials And Methods: A number of tests were carried out on three domestic dishwashers and two instrument washer-disinfectors.

Investigating high-concentration monoclonal antibody powder suspension in nonaqueous suspension vehicles for subcutaneous injection.

Developing high-concentration monoclonal antibody (mAb) liquid formulations for subcutaneous (s.c.) administration is challenging because increased viscosity makes injection difficult.