Public engagement to refine a whole-school intervention to promote adolescent mental health.

Background: Despite high rates of adolescent mental health problems, there are few effective school-based interventions to address this. Whole-school interventions offer a feasible and sustainable means of promoting mental health, but few have to date been evaluated. Previously we trialled the Learning Together intervention comprising local needs assessment, student and staff participation in decision-making, restorative practice, and a social and emotional skills curriculum.

Incidence of avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder in children and adolescents across the UK and Ireland: a BPSU and CAPSS surveillance study.

Objective: We aimed to estimate the incidence of avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) in children and adolescents (CA) presenting to secondary care in the UK and Republic of Ireland (ROI).

Design: This observational surveillance study used the British Paediatric Surveillance Unit and the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Surveillance System. Monthly electronic reports were submitted by consultant paediatricians and child and adolescent psychiatrists from 1 March 2021 to 31 March 2022, with outcomes assessed at a 1-year follow-up.

Qualitative study of the feasibility and acceptability of implementation, and potential mechanisms of Learning Together for Mental Health, a whole-school intervention aiming to promote mental health and wellbeing in secondary schools.

Background: Despite high rates of adolescent mental-health problems, there are few effective whole-school interventions to address this. Whole-school interventions offer a feasible and sustainable means of promoting mental health. We previously evaluated the Learning Together (LT) intervention which was effective in preventing bullying (primary outcome), promoting mental well-being, psychological functioning, and reducing substance use (secondary outcomes).

Olanzapine for young PEople with aNorexia nervosa (OPEN): results of a feasibility study.

Background: Despite the availability of evidence-based treatments for anorexia nervosa (AN), remission rates are moderate, and mortality is high. Olanzapine is used as adjunct therapy for AN in case of insufficient response to first-line treatments, even though the evidence is limited. Its effect on eating disorder (ED) psychopathology, its efficacy and tolerability, and its acceptability and adherence rate are unclear.

Does a transmembrane sodium gradient control membrane potential in mammalian mitochondria?

In a recent publication, Hernansanz-Agusti̒n et al. propose that a sodium gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane, generated by a Na/H activity integral to Complex I can account for half of the mitochondrial membrane potential. This conflicts with conventional electrophysiological and chemiosmotic understanding.

Comparison of clinical presentation and management of children and adolescents with ARFID between paediatrics and child and adolescent psychiatry: a prospective surveillance study.

Objective: To compare the clinical presentations, management and outcomes of avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) across paediatric and child and adolescent (C&A) psychiatric settings.

Study Design: Prospective surveillance study.

Methods: Data were collected during a 13-month prospective surveillance study of children and adolescents with ARFID in the UK and Republic of Ireland.

Investigating inequalities in patient outcomes for first-episode psychosis.

Background: Understanding inequalities in outcomes between demographic groups is a necessary step in addressing them in clinical care. Inequalities in treatment uptake between demographic groups may explain disparities in outcomes in people with first-episode psychosis (FEP).

Aims: To investigate disparities between broad demographic groups in symptomatic improvement in patients with FEP and their relationship to treatment uptake.

A feasibility trial of olanzapine for young people with Anorexia Nervosa (OPEN): clinicians' perspectives.

Background: The OPEN feasibility trial testing olanzapine in anorexia nervosa (AN) in young people (YP) was not successful due to poor recruitment. This study aims to understand clinicians' views and experiences of using olanzapine in AN and the challenges in implementing the trial in National Health Service (NHS) clinical settings.

Methods: We conducted qualitative interviews with eating disorders (ED) clinicians involved with the study (n = 11).

Diffusion distribution model for damage mitigation in scanning transmission electron microscopy.

Despite the widespread use of Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) for observing the structure of materials at the atomic scale, a detailed understanding of some relevant electron beam damage mechanisms is limited. Recent reports suggest that certain types of damage can be modelled as a diffusion process and that the accumulation effects of this process must be kept low in order to reduce damage. We therefore develop an explicit mathematical formulation of spatiotemporal diffusion processes in STEM that take into account both instrument and sample parameters.

Prevalence, severity and risk factors for mental disorders among sexual and gender minority young people: a systematic review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.

Evidence suggests heightened prevalence and severity of mental disorders among sexual minority (SM) and gender minority (GM) young people. Several risk factors have been associated with these disparities. A systematic review of systematic reviews and meta-analysis was conducted to provide a comprehensive overview of the literature and to determine the field's current position.

A prospective observational study comparing rates of medical instability between adolescents with typical and atypical anorexia nervosa.

Background: Recognition of atypical anorexia nervosa (AAN) has challenged underweight as a defining factor of illness severity in anorexia nervosa (AN). The present study aimed to compare rates of medical instability in adolescents with underweight (AN) and non-underweight (AAN) anorexia nervosa.

Methods: The study examined assessment data from specialist eating disorder services in the UK between January and December 2022.

An exploration of having social media influencers deliver a first-line digital intervention to improve body image among adolescent girls: A qualitative study.

Social media influencers are popular among adolescents and could offer a unique way to reach young people at scale with body image interventions. This study explored girls' and influencers' views on having influencers deliver body image interventions through vlogs (video blogs) and to gain insight into their preferred format, content, and views on factors that encourage engagement with vlogs. Twenty-one UK based participants were recruited.

Characterising illness stages and recovery trajectories of eating disorders in young people via remote measurement technology (STORY): a multi-centre prospective cohort study protocol.

Background: Eating disorders (EDs) are serious, often chronic, conditions associated with pronounced morbidity, mortality, and dysfunction increasingly affecting young people worldwide. Illness progression, stages and recovery trajectories of EDs are still poorly characterised. The STORY study dynamically and longitudinally assesses young people with different EDs (restricting; bingeing/bulimic presentations) and illness durations (earlier; later stages) compared to healthy controls.

High-speed 4-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy using compressive sensing techniques.

Here we show that compressive sensing allows 4-dimensional (4-D) STEM data to be obtained and accurately reconstructed with both high-speed and reduced electron fluence. The methodology needed to achieve these results compared to conventional 4-D approaches requires only that a random subset of probe locations is acquired from the typical regular scanning grid, which immediately generates both higher speed and the lower fluence experimentally. We also consider downsampling of the detector, showing that oversampling is inherent within convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED) patterns and that detector downsampling does not reduce precision but allows faster experimental data acquisition.

A systematic review of economic evaluations of pharmacological treatments for active tuberculosis.

Objectives: The continuing spread of tuberculosis (TB) worldwide, especially drug-resistant TB, poses a major challenge to healthcare systems globally. Addressing this requires appraising the cost effectiveness of existing pharmacological interventions against TB to identify key drivers of cost effectiveness and value and guide pharmaceutical innovation and novel drug regimen development.

Methods: Studies were identified from a search of six database: MEDLINE MEDLINE-In Process, MEDLINE Epub Ahead of Print, EMBASE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Econlit in July 2022.

Nasogastric tube feeding under physical restraint of children and young people with mental disorders: a comprehensive audit and case series across paediatric wards in England.

Objective: To estimate the number of patients on paediatric wards in England who received nasogastric tube (NGT) feeding under physical restraint from April 2022 to March 2023, identify the demographics and clinical characteristics of these patients, and which personnel facilitated the restraint.

Design: Audit and anonymous case series SETTING: Paediatric wards in England.

Patients: Children and young people receiving this intervention in a 1-year period.

Optimising patient outcomes: temporal trends in remission rates of rheumatoid arthritis patients in the Australian OPAL dataset between 2009 and 2022.

Objective: To describe the trends in remission rates among RA patients in the OPAL dataset, spanning from 2009 to 2022, and provide insights into the effectiveness of evolving RA management approaches in real-world clinical settings.

Methods: Patients with a physician diagnosis of RA and at least 3 visits between 1 January 2009 and December 2022 were identified in the OPAL dataset, an aggregated collection of data extracted from the electronic medical records of patients managed by 117 Australian rheumatologists. Demographics, disease history, prescribed medications and proportions of patients in Disease Activity Score 28-joint count C-reactive protein (DAS28CRP)) categories (remission, low disease activity (LDA), moderate disease activity (MDA) and high disease activity (HDA)) were described.

The importance of individualised care, good communication and trust for reducing nasogastric tube feeding under physical restraint: qualitative multi-informant study.

Background: Nasogastric tube (NGT) feeding against a patient's consent is an intervention that clinicians working in specialist mental health in-patient units may need to implement from time to time. Little research has explored clinician, patient and carer perspectives on good practice.

Aims: To use qualitative data from people with lived experience (PWLE), parents/carers and clinicians, to identify components of best practice when this intervention is required.

Temporal drivers of tryptophan-like fluorescent dissolved organic matter along a river continuum.

Tryptophan-like fluorescence (TLF) is used to indicate anthropogenic inputs of dissolved organic matter (DOM), typically from wastewater, in rivers. We hypothesised that other sources of DOM, such as groundwater and planktonic microbial biomass can also be important drivers of riverine TLF dynamics. We sampled 19 contrasting sites of the River Thames, UK, and its tributaries.

Childhood attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: socioeconomic inequalities in symptoms, impact, diagnosis and medication.

Background: Children from disadvantaged backgrounds are at greater risk of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-related symptoms, being diagnosed with ADHD, and being prescribed ADHD medications. We aimed to examine how inequalities manifest across the 'patient journey', from perceptions of impacts of ADHD symptoms on daily life, to the propensity to seek and receive a diagnosis and treatment.

Methods: We investigated four 'stages': (1) symptoms, (2) caregiver perception of impact, (3) diagnosis and (4) medication, in two data sets: UK Millennium Cohort Study (MCS, analytic n ~ 9,000), with relevant (parent-reported) information on all four stages (until 14 years); and a population-wide 'administrative cohort', which includes symptoms (child health checks) and prescriptions (dispensing records), born in Scotland, 2010-2012 (analytic n ~ 100,000), until ~6 years.

Common pitfalls, and how to avoid them, in child and adolescent psychopharmacology: Part I.

As Faculty of the British Association for Psychopharmacology course on child and adolescent psychopharmacology, we present here what we deem are the most common pitfalls, and how to avoid them, in child and adolescent psychopharmacology. In this paper, we specifically addressed common pitfalls in the pharmacological treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, anxiety, bipolar disorder, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder and related disorders, and tic disorder. Pitfalls in the treatment of other disorders are addressed in a separate paper (part II).

Common pitfalls, and how to avoid them, in child and adolescent psychopharmacology: Part II.

As Faculty of the British Association for Psychopharmacology course on child and adolescent psychopharmacology, we present here what we deem are the most common pitfalls, and how to avoid them, in child and adolescent psychopharmacology. In this paper, we specifically addressed common pitfalls in the pharmacological treatment of autism and intellectual disability, eating disorders, neuropsychiatric correlates of epilepsy, and psychosis. Pitfalls in relation to the treatment of other disorders are addressed in a separate paper (Part I).