Oral PD-L1 inhibitor GS-4224 selectively engages PD-L1 high cells and elicits pharmacodynamic responses in patients with advanced solid tumors.

Background: Checkpoint inhibitors targeting the programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathway are effective therapies in a range of immunogenic cancer types. Blocking this pathway with an oral therapy could benefit patients through greater convenience, particularly in combination regimens, and allow flexible management of immune-mediated toxicities.

Methods: PD-L1 binding activity was assessed in engineered dimerization and primary cell target occupancy assays.

Health-related outcomes of a facility-based transition care program for older adults: a prospective cohort study.

Objectives There is limited evidence regarding the effectiveness of transition care programs (TCP) in improving health-related outcomes and discharge destination for older adults. This study aimed to (i) identify changes in health-related outcomes in older adults undergoing a facility-based TCP between admission and discharge; and (ii) compare health-related outcomes between participants discharged home and those discharged to permanent residential care. Method A prospective, observational study was conducted with older adults aged ≥60 years who participated in a facility-based TCP that provided short-term rehabilitation including mobility training, group exercise and cognitive activities.

Tailored Education Increased Capability and Motivation for Fall Prevention in Older People After Hospitalization.

Recently hospitalized older people are at risk of falls and face barriers to undertaking fall prevention strategies after they return home from hospital. The authors examined the effects of tailored education delivered by physiotherapists on the knowledge (capability) and the motivation of older people to engage in fall prevention after hospital discharge. Utilizing data gathered from a recent trial, data was analyzed from 390 people who were 60 years and over without impaired cognition (>7/10 abbreviated mental test score) and discharged from three Australian hospitals.

Effectiveness of facility-based transition care on health-related outcomes for older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Although Transition Care Programmes (TCP) are designed to assist older adults to regain functional ability after hospitalisation, it is unclear whether TCP improve older adults' health-related outcomes.

Objectives: The objective of the review was to synthesise the best available evidence for the effectiveness of TCP on health-related outcomes for older adults admitted to a transition care facility after hospitalisation.

Methods: Searches were conducted using the databases PubMed, AMED (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), PscyINFO (Ovid) and CINAHL (Full text) and grey literature from January 2000 to May 2020 in English only.

Identifying the Association Between Older Adults' Characteristics and Their Health-Related Outcomes in a Transition Care Setting: A Retrospective Audit.

Continued evaluation of Transition Care Programs (TCP) is essential to improving older adults' outcomes and can guide which older adults may benefit from undertaking TCP. The aim of this study was to audit a transition care service to identify the association between the characteristics of older adults undertaking a facility-based TCP and (i) discharge destination and (ii) functional improvement. An audit ( = 169) of older adults aged 60 years and above who completed a facility-based TCP in Australia was conducted.

Evaluating the provision of Further Enabling Care at Home (FECH+) for informal caregivers of older adults discharged home from hospital: protocol for a multicentre randomised controlled trial.

Introduction: There are personal and societal benefits from caregiving; however, caregiving can jeopardise caregivers' health. The Further Enabling Care at Home (FECH+) programme provides structured nurse support, through telephone outreach, to informal caregivers of older adults following discharge from acute hospital care to home. The trial aims to evaluate the efficacy of the FECH+ programme on caregivers' health-related quality of life (HRQOL) after care recipients' hospital discharge.

Effects of facility-based transition care programs on health-related outcomes in older adults: a systematic review protocol.

Objective: The objective of the review is to synthesize the best available evidence on the effects of transition care rehabilitation programs on health-related outcomes in older adults admitted to a transition care facility.

Introduction: Approximately 30% of older adults admitted to hospital experience functional decline after hospital discharge. To enable older adults to return to independent community living after hospitalization, transition care programs (TCPs) that focus on promoting safe recovery and maximizing older adults' functional ability have been developed.

Perspectives of older adults regarding barriers and enablers to engaging in fall prevention activities after hospital discharge.

Older adults recently discharged from hospital are at high risk of functional decline and falls. A tailored fall prevention education provided at hospital discharge aimed to improve the capacity of older adults to engage in falls prevention activities. What remains unknown are the factors affecting behaviour change after hospital discharge.

Multifactorial falls prevention programmes for older adults presenting to the emergency department with a fall: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective: To determine whether multifactorial falls prevention interventions are effective in preventing falls, fall injuries, emergency department (ED) re-presentations and hospital admissions in older adults presenting to the ED with a fall.

Design: Systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials (RCTs).

Data Sources: Four health-related electronic databases (Ovid MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, PEDro and The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) were searched (inception to June 2018).

Evaluation of Tailored Falls Education on Older Adults' Behavior Following Hospitalization.

Background: Older adults recently discharged from the hospital are known to be at risk of functional decline and falls. This study evaluated the effect of a tailored education program provided in the hospital on older adult engagement in fall prevention strategies within 6 months after hospital discharge.

Methods: A process evaluation of a randomized controlled trial that aimed to improve older adult fall prevention behaviors after hospital discharge.

Evaluation of RESPOND, a patient-centred program to prevent falls in older people presenting to the emergency department with a fall: A randomised controlled trial.

Background: Falls are a leading reason for older people presenting to the emergency department (ED), and many experience further falls. Little evidence exists to guide secondary prevention in this population. This randomised controlled trial (RCT) investigated whether a 6-month telephone-based patient-centred program-RESPOND-had an effect on falls and fall injuries in older people presenting to the ED after a fall.

Falls After Hospital Discharge: A Randomized Clinical Trial of Individualized Multimodal Falls Prevention Education.

Background: Older people are at high risk of falls after hospital discharge. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of providing individualized falls prevention education in addition to usual care on falls rates in older people after hospital discharge compared to providing a social intervention in addition to usual care.

Methods: A randomized clinical trial at three hospitals in Western Australia: participants followed for 6 months after discharge.

Does Free-Text Information in Falls Incident Reports Assist to Explain How and Why the Falls Occurred in a Hospital Setting?

Objective: The aim of this study was to explore whether information captured in falls reports in incident management systems could be used to explain how and why the falls occurred, with a view to identifying whether such reports can be a source of subsequent learnings that inform practice change.

Methods: An analysis of prospectively collected falls incident reports found in the incident management systems from eight Western Australian hospitals during a stepped-wedge cluster-randomized controlled trial. The falls reported occurred in a cohort of older hospital patients (mean age = 82 y) on rehabilitation wards.

Advance care planning documentation strategies; goals-of-care as an alternative to not-for-resuscitation in medical and oncology patients. A pre-post controlled study on quantifiable outcomes.

Background: Health services in Tasmania, Victoria and now Western Australia are changing to goals-of-care (GOC) advance care planning (ACP) documentation strategies.

Aim: To compare the clinical impact of two different health department-sanctioned ACP documentation strategies.

Methods: A non-blinded, pre-post, controlled study over two corresponding 6-month periods in 2016 and 2017 comparing the current discretional not-for-resuscitation (NFR) with a new, inclusive GOC strategy in two medical/oncology wards at a large private hospital.

Goals of patient care system change with video-based education increases rates of advance cardiopulmonary resuscitation decision-making and discussions in hospitalised rehabilitation patients.

Background: Advance cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) discussions and decision-making are not routine clinical practice in the hospital setting. Frail older patients may be at risk of non-beneficial CPR.

Aim: To assess the utility and safety of two interventions to increase CPR decision-making, documentation and communication for hospitalised older patients.

Effectiveness of falls prevention interventions for older adults newly discharged from hospital: a systematic review protocol.

The objective of this review is to synthesize the best available evidence on the effectiveness of falls prevention interventions provided just prior or immediately after discharge from hospital on falls rates and falls injuries among older adults living in the community in the first 6 months after discharge from hospital.

Reducing falls after hospital discharge: a protocol for a randomised controlled trial evaluating an individualised multimodal falls education programme for older adults.

Introduction: Older adults frequently fall after discharge from hospital. Older people may have low self-perceived risk of falls and poor knowledge about falls prevention. The primary aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of providing tailored falls prevention education in addition to usual care on falls rates in older people after discharge from hospital compared to providing a social intervention in addition to usual care.

'It promoted a positive culture around falls prevention': staff response to a patient education programme-a qualitative evaluation.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to understand how staff responded to individualised patient falls prevention education delivered as part of a cluster randomised trial, including how they perceived the education contributed to falls prevention on their wards.

Design: A qualitative explanatory study.

Methods: 5 focus groups were conducted at participatory hospital sites.

Development of a video-based education and process change intervention to improve advance cardiopulmonary resuscitation decision-making.

Background: Advance cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) decision-making and escalation of care discussions are variable in routine clinical practice. We aimed to explore physician barriers to advance CPR decision-making in an inpatient hospital setting and develop a pragmatic intervention to support clinicians to undertake and document routine advance care planning discussions.

Methods: Two focus groups, which involved eight consultants and ten junior doctors, were conducted following a review of the current literature.

'My independent streak may get in the way': how older adults respond to falls prevention education in hospital.

Objectives: The aim of the study was to determine how providing individualised falls prevention education facilitated behaviour change from the perspective of older hospital patients on rehabilitation wards and what barriers they identified to engaging in preventive strategies.

Design: A prospective qualitative survey.

Methods: Older patients (n=757) who were eligible (mini-mental state examination score>23/30) received falls prevention education while admitted to eight rehabilitation hospital wards in Western Australia.

Educators' perspectives about how older hospital patients can engage in a falls prevention education programme: a qualitative process evaluation.

Objectives: Falls are the most frequent adverse event reported in hospitals. Patient and staff education delivered by trained educators significantly reduced falls and injurious falls in an older rehabilitation population. The purpose of the study was to explore the educators' perspectives of delivering the education and to conceptualise how the programme worked to prevent falls among older patients who received the education.

Fall rates in hospital rehabilitation units after individualised patient and staff education programmes: a pragmatic, stepped-wedge, cluster-randomised controlled trial.

Background: Falls are the most frequent adverse events that are reported in hospitals. We examined the effectiveness of individualised falls-prevention education for patients, supported by training and feedback for staff, delivered as a ward-level programme.

Methods: Eight rehabilitation units in general hospitals in Australia participated in this stepped-wedge, cluster-randomised study, undertaken during a 50 week period.

A stepped-wedge cluster randomised controlled trial for evaluating rates of falls among inpatients in aged care rehabilitation units receiving tailored multimedia education in addition to usual care: a trial protocol.

Introduction: Falls are the most frequent adverse event reported in hospitals. Approximately 30% of in-hospital falls lead to an injury and up to 2% result in a fracture. A large randomised trial found that a trained health professional providing individualised falls prevention education to older inpatients reduced falls in a cognitively intact subgroup.

Falls prevention in older adults - assessment and management.

Background: Falls increase with age, with substantial patient harm resulting in high healthcare utilisation. High level evidence exists for a range of effective falls prevention strategies.

Objective: To provide an evidence based update of falls prevention recommendations, applicable to the primary care setting.