Mucus polymer concentration and adaptation converge to define the antibiotic response of during chronic lung infection.

Unlabelled: The airway milieu of individuals with muco-obstructive airway diseases (MADs) is defined by the accumulation of dehydrated mucus due to hyperabsorption of airway surface liquid and defective mucociliary clearance. Pathological mucus becomes progressively more viscous with age and disease severity due to the concentration and overproduction of mucin and accumulation of host-derived extracellular DNA (eDNA). Respiratory mucus of MADs provides a niche for recurrent and persistent colonization by respiratory pathogens, including , which is responsible for the majority of morbidity and mortality in MADs.

Mucus polymer concentration and adaptation converge to define the antibiotic response of during chronic lung infection.

Unlabelled: The airway milieu of individuals with muco-obstructive airway diseases (MADs) is defined by the accumulation of dehydrated mucus due to hyperabsorption of airway surface liquid and defective mucociliary clearance. Pathological mucus becomes progressively more viscous with age and disease severity due to the concentration and overproduction of mucin and accumulation of host-derived extracellular DNA (eDNA). Respiratory mucus of MADs provides a niche for recurrent and persistent colonization by respiratory pathogens, including , which is responsible for the majority of morbidity and mortality in MADs.

The Intersection of the Staphylococcus aureus Rex and SrrAB Regulons: an Example of Metabolic Evolution That Maximizes Resistance to Immune Radicals.

Staphylococcus aureus is the most pathogenic member of the While it acquired an arsenal of canonical virulence determinants that mediate pathogenicity, it has also metabolically adapted to thrive at sites of inflammation. Notably, it has evolved to grow in the presence of nitric oxide (NO·). To this end, we note that the Rex regulon, composed of genes encoding dehydrogenases, metabolite transporters, and regulators, is much larger in S.

Fox Cluster determinants for iron biooxidation in the extremely thermoacidophilic Sulfolobaceae.

Within the extremely thermoacidophilic Sulfolobaceae, the capacity to oxidize iron varies considerably. While some species are prolific iron oxidizers (e.g.

Genome Sequences of Five Type Strain Members of the Archaeal Family , Acidianus ambivalens, Acidianus infernus, Stygiolobus azoricus, Sulfuracidifex metallicus, and Sulfurisphaera ohwakuensis.

Presented are five genomes from the polyextremophilic (optimal temperature of >65°C and optimal pH of <3.5) archaeal family , greatly expanding order-wide genomic diversity. Included are the only obligate anaerobic species, several facultative sulfur utilizers, two metal mobilizers, one facultative chemolithoautotroph with robust metabolic versatility, and some of the most thermophilic thermoacidophiles reported to date.

Extremely Thermoacidophilic Species Mediate Mobilization and Oxidation of Vanadium and Molybdenum Oxides.

Certain species from the extremely thermoacidophilic genus directly oxidize Fe(II) to Fe(III), which in turn catalyzes abiotic solubilization of copper from chalcopyrite to facilitate recovery of this valuable metal. In this process, the redox status of copper does not change as it is mobilized. species can also catalyze the release of metals from ores with a change in the metal's redox state.

Complete Genome Sequences of Extremely Thermoacidophilic Metal-Mobilizing Type Strain Members of the Archaeal Family Sulfolobaceae, Acidianus brierleyi DSM-1651, Acidianus sulfidivorans DSM-18786, and Metallosphaera hakonensis DSM-7519.

The family Sulfolobaceae contains extremely thermoacidophilic archaea that are found in terrestrial environments. Here, we report three closed genomes from two currently defined genera within the family, namely, Acidianus brierleyi DSM-1651, Acidianus sulfidivorans DSM-18786, and Metallosphaera hakonensis DSM-7519.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa exoproducts determine antibiotic efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus.

Chronic coinfections of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa frequently fail to respond to antibiotic treatment, leading to significant patient morbidity and mortality. Currently, the impact of interspecies interaction on S. aureus antibiotic susceptibility remains poorly understood.

Expanded Glucose Import Capability Affords Staphylococcus aureus Optimized Glycolytic Flux during Infection.

Unlabelled: Acquisition of numerous virulence determinants affords Staphylococcus aureus greater pathogenicity than other skin-colonizing staphylococci in humans. Additionally, the metabolic adaptation of S. aureus to nonrespiratory conditions encountered during infection (e.

Staphylococcus aureus lactate- and malate-quinone oxidoreductases contribute to nitric oxide resistance and virulence.

Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive pathogen that resists many facets of innate immunity including nitric oxide (NO·). Staphylococcus aureus NO-resistance stems from its ability to evoke a metabolic state that circumvents the negative effects of reactive nitrogen species. The combination of l-lactate and peptides promotes S.

Glycolytic dependency of high-level nitric oxide resistance and virulence in Staphylococcus aureus.

Unlabelled: Staphylococcus aureus is a prolific human pathogen capable of causing severe invasive disease with a myriad of presentations. The ability of S. aureus to cause infection is strongly linked with its capacity to overcome the effects of innate immunity, whether by directly killing immune cells or expressing factors that diminish the impact of immune effectors.

A phenotype at last: essential role for the Yersinia enterocolitica Ysa type III secretion system in a Drosophila melanogaster S2 cell model.

The highly pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica strains have a chromosomally encoded type III secretion system (T3SS) that is expressed and functional in vitro only when the bacteria are cultured at 26 °C. Mutations that render this system nonfunctional are slightly attenuated in the mouse model of infection only following an oral inoculation and only at early time points postinfection. The discrepancy between the temperature required for the Ysa gene expression and the physiological temperature required for mammalian model systems has made defining the role of this T3SS challenging.

Activation of heme biosynthesis by a small molecule that is toxic to fermenting Staphylococcus aureus.

Staphylococcus aureus is a significant infectious threat to global public health. Acquisition or synthesis of heme is required for S. aureus to capture energy through respiration, but an excess of this critical cofactor is toxic to bacteria.

Laboratory maintenance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).

Staphylococcus aureus is an important bacterial pathogen in the hospital and community settings, especially Staphylococcus aureus clones that exhibit methicillin-resistance (MRSA). Many strains of S. aureus are utilized in the laboratory, underscoring the genetic differences inherent in clinical isolates.

CcpA-independent glucose regulation of lactate dehydrogenase 1 in Staphylococcus aureus.

Lactate Dehydrogenase 1 (Ldh1) is a key enzyme involved in Staphylococcus aureus NO·-resistance. Full ldh1-induction requires the presence of glucose, and mutants lacking the Carbon-Catabolite Protein (CcpA) exhibit decreased ldh1 transcription and diminished Ldh1 activity. The redox-regulator Rex represses ldh1 directly by binding to Rex-sites within the ldh1 promoter (P(ldh1)).

Identification of a lactate-quinone oxidoreductase in Staphylococcus aureus that is essential for virulence.

Staphylococcus aureus is an important human pathogen commonly infecting nearly every host tissue. The ability of S. aureus to resist innate immunity is critical to its success as a pathogen, including its propensity to grow in the presence of host nitric oxide (NO·).

Implantable cardiac defibrillator pocket infection due to a previously undescribed Cupriavidus species.

The genus Cupriavidus consists of Gram-negative, nonfermenting bacteria most of which are environmental organisms, though some species have been associated with human disease. We report the recovery and identification of an isolate that represents a previously undescribed species of Cupriavidus from an implantable cardiac defibrillator pocket infection.