Persistent Hiccups after Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulator Implantation for Parkinson's Disease: Case Report and Literature Review.

Hiccups are mediated by a reflex arc that consists of afferent, central, and efferent components. The structures involved in the central component have not been fully elucidated, although several brainstem structures have been implicated, including the subthalamic nucleus (STN). Accordingly, Parkinson's disease (PD), a disease defined by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the STN, has an interesting, although unspecified, relationship to hiccups.

Analysis of Protein Biomarkers From Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients Reveals Severity-Specific Signatures and Two Distinct Latent Profiles With Differential Responses to Corticosteroids.

Objectives: To identify and validate novel COVID-19 subphenotypes with potential heterogenous treatment effects (HTEs) using electronic health record (EHR) data and 33 unique biomarkers.

Design: Retrospective cohort study of adults presenting for acute care, with analysis of biomarkers from residual blood collected during routine clinical care. Latent profile analysis (LPA) of biomarker and EHR data identified subphenotypes of COVID-19 inpatients, which were validated using a separate cohort of patients.