Publications by authors named "Nicholas J Carruthers"

In recent years, methamphetamine (METH) misuse in the US has been rapidly increasing, and there is no FDA-approved pharmacotherapy for METH use disorder (MUD). In addition to being dependent on the drug, people with MUD develop a variety of neurological problems related to the toxicity of this drug. A variety of molecular mechanisms underlying METH neurotoxicity has been identified, including the dysfunction of the neuroprotective protein parkin.

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Metaplastic breast carcinomas (mBrCA) are a highly aggressive subtype of triple-negative breast cancer with histologic evidence of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and aberrant differentiation. Inactivation of the tumor suppressor gene cellular communication network factor 6 (CCN6; also known as Wnt1-induced secreted protein 3) is a feature of mBrCAs, and mice with conditional inactivation of Ccn6 in mammary epithelium (Ccn6-KO) develop spindle mBrCAs with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Elucidation of the precise mechanistic details of how CCN6 acts as a tumor suppressor in mBrCA could help identify improved treatment strategies.

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The importance of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca-handling in heart has led to detailed understanding of Ca-release and re-uptake protein complexes, while less is known about other endoplasmic reticulum (ER) functions in the heart. To more fully understand cardiac SR and ER functions, we analyzed cardiac microsomes based on their increased density through the actions of the SR Ca-ATPase (SERCA) and the ryanodine receptor that are highly active in cardiomyocytes. Crude cardiac microsomal vesicles loaded with Ca oxalate produced two higher density subfractions, MedSR and HighSR.

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The importance of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca-handling in heart has led to detailed understanding of Ca-release and re-uptake protein complexes, while less is known about other endoplasmic reticulum (ER) functions in the heart. To more fully understand cardiac SR and ER functions, we analyzed cardiac microsomes based on their increased density through the actions of the SR Ca-ATPase (SERCA) and the ryanodine receptor that are highly active in cardiomyocytes. Crude cardiac microsomal vesicles loaded with Ca oxalate produced two higher density subfractions, MedSR and HighSR.

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In this report, we provide evidence showing diminished expression of the mineral dust-induced gene (mdig), a previously identified oncogenic gene, in human triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). Using a mouse model of orthotopic xenograft of the TNBC MDA-MB-231 cells, we demonstrate that mdig promotes the growth of primary tumors but inhibits metastasis of these cells . Knockout of mdig resulted in an enhancement of H3K36me3 in the genome and upregulation of some X chromosome-linked genes for cell motility, invasion, and metastasis.

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Triple-negative breast cancers are highly aggressive with an overall poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. We had previously investigated the role of mdig, an oncogenic gene induced by some environmental risk factors, on the pathogenesis of breast cancer. However, a comprehensive analysis of the proteomic profile affected by mdig in triple-negative breast cancer has not been determined yet.

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Localization of organelle proteins by isotope tagging (LOPIT) maps are a coordinate-directed representation of proteome data that can aid in biological interpretation. Analysis of organellar association for proteins as displayed using LOPIT is evaluated and interpreted for two types of proteomic data sets. First, test and control group protein abundances and fold change data obtained in a proximity labeling experiment are plotted on a LOPIT map to evaluate the likelihood of true protein interactions.

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Extracellular vesicles from plasma, other body fluids and cell culture media hold great promise in the search for biomarkers. Exosomes in particular, the vesicle type that is secreted after being produced in the endocytic pathway and having a diameter of 30-150 nm, are considered to be a conveyance for signaling molecules and, therefore, to hold valuable information regarding the health and activity status of the cells from which they are released. The vesicular nature of exosomes is central to all methods used to separate them from the highly abundant proteins in plasma and other fluids.

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Article Synopsis
  • Dysfunctional visceral adipose tissue (VAT) in obesity is linked to type 2 diabetes, and the study aims to uncover the genes and proteins involved in this dysfunction.
  • Researchers used proteomics and RNA sequencing to analyze VAT samples from bariatric surgery patients with and without diabetes, identifying significant differences in protein and gene abundance.
  • Key findings include downregulation of proteins related to fatty acid synthesis and mitochondrial function in diabetes, while proteins associated with inflammation and transcription were upregulated, indicating complex metabolic and inflammatory processes at play in VAT dysfunction.
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Background: Persons who inject drugs (PWID) in the groin, legs, and/or feet are at high risk for chronic venous ulcers (CVUs). The plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) level is a marker of systemic inflammation.

Objective: This pilot study examined CRP levels in plasma and CVU exudate of PWID.

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The effects of glycyrrhizin (GLY) on multi-drug resistant (MDR) systemic (MDR9) vs. ocular (B1045) clinical isolates were determined. Proteomes of each isolate with/without GLY treatment were profiled using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).

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  • * Research on diabetic db/db mice revealed reduced activity of the enzyme OGG-1, which repairs oxidative DNA damage, alongside increased levels of modified DNA (8OHG) and 4HNE adducts, suggesting that 4HNE inhibits OGG-1 function.
  • * Additional experiments showed that direct interaction between 4HNE and OGG-1 decreases its activity in a dose-dependent manner, indicating a potential mechanism by which oxidative stress contributes
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Methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) contributes to patient mortality and extended hospital stays. 3-O-alpha-L-(2″,3″-di-p-coumaroyl)rhamnoside (KCR) is a natural product antibiotic that is effective against MRSA but has no known mechanism of action (MOA). We used proteomics to identify the MOA for KCR.

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  • Microcystins, particularly Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), are toxic compounds that pose health risks, especially for people with liver issues.
  • A study tested whether doses of MC-LR previously deemed safe for healthy mice could worsen liver damage in mice with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD).
  • Results showed that even low doses of MC-LR increased liver damage markers, caused early death in some mice, and triggered changes in genes and proteins linked to liver stress and inflammation.
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Objective: To identify whether factors toxic to oligodendrocytes (OLs), released by B cells from patients with MS, are found in extracellular microvesicles enriched in exosomes.

Methods: Conditioned medium (Sup) was obtained from cultures of blood B cells of patients with MS and normal controls (NCs). Exosome-enriched (Ex-En) fractions were prepared by solvent precipitation from Sup containing bovine serum and from serum-free Sup by ultracentrifugation (UC) or immunoprecipitation (IP) with antibodies to CD9.

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  • Current approaches in regenerative medicine for developing human skeletal muscle are still in early stages and struggle to mimic the functions of natural muscle tissue.
  • A new, innovative 3D micropatterned platform allows for more organized growth of muscle cells, significantly improving over traditional 2D growth methods.
  • Research shows that muscle cells on this 3D platform express important proteins necessary for muscle formation and health, highlighting its potential for biomedical advancements.
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Purpose: The purpose of the study was to assess the differences in the concentration and function of urinary proteins between patients with cystine stones (CYS) and healthy controls (HC). We postulated that CYS and HC groups would demonstrate different proteomic profiles.

Methods: A pilot study was performed comparing urinary proteomes of 10 patients with CYS and 10 age- and gender-matched HC, using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

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Background: The prediction of calmodulin-binding (CaM-binding) proteins plays a very important role in the fields of biology and biochemistry, because the calmodulin protein binds and regulates a multitude of protein targets affecting different cellular processes. Computational methods that can accurately identify CaM-binding proteins and CaM-binding domains would accelerate research in calcium signaling and calmodulin function. Short-linear motifs (SLiMs), on the other hand, have been effectively used as features for analyzing protein-protein interactions, though their properties have not been utilized in the prediction of CaM-binding proteins.

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Intracellular signaling is controlled to a large extent by the phosphorylation status of proteins. To determine how human breast cells can be reprogrammed during tumorigenic progression, we profiled cell lines in the MCF10A lineage by phosphoproteomic analyses. A large cluster of proteins involved in RNA splicing were hypophosphorylated as cells progressed to a hyperplastic state, and then hyperphosphorylated after progression to a fully metastatic phenotype.

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  • Exposure of Wehi-231 B-cells to mercury (Hg) for 5 minutes led to changes in protein phosphorylation, with increased levels seen in most phosphoproteins, particularly at doses over 20μM; a small fraction showed decreased phosphorylation at untreated levels.
  • The phosphorylation changes primarily affected protein pathways related to cytoskeletal organization and GTPase signaling at low concentrations of Hg, while immune receptor signaling required higher Hg levels for similar effects.
  • The study highlights the potential for low-level Hg exposure to impact immune function and suggests that this mechanism could contribute to autoimmune diseases in humans and animals.
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UTL-5g is a novel small-molecule TNF-alpha modulator. It reduces cisplatin-induced side effects by protecting kidney, liver, and platelets, thereby increasing tolerance for cisplatin. UTL-5g also reduces radiation-induced acute liver toxicity.

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Spinal muscular atrophy is an autosomal recessive motor neuron disease caused by a genetic defect carried by as many as one in 75 people. Unlike most neurological disorders, we know exactly what the genetic basis is of the disorder, but in spite of this, have little understanding of why the low levels of one protein, survival motor neuron protein, results in the specific progressive die back of only one cell type in the body, the motor neuron. Given the fact that all cells in the body of a patient with spinal muscular atrophy share the same low abundance of the protein throughout development, an appropriate approach is to ask how lower levels of survival motor neuron protein affects the proteome of embryonic stem cells prior to development.

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Profiling of cellular and subcellular proteomes by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (MS) after fractionation by SDS-PAGE is referred to as GeLC (gel electrophoresis liquid chromatography)-MS. The GeLC approach decreases complexity within individual MS analyses by size fractionation with SDS-PAGE. SDS-PAGE is considered an excellent fractionation technique for intact proteins because of good resolution for proteins of all sizes, isoelectric points, and hydrophobicities.

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