Relationship between the distribution function of ocean nadir radiance and inherent optical properties for oceanic waters.

The distribution function of the ocean nadir radiance, defined by the upward radiance-to-irradiance ratio, is investigated as functions of the absorption coefficient and the volume scattering function to understand their relationship rather than to develop a numerical algorithm. It is shown for oceanic waters that the distribution function is directly proportional to the volume scattering function normalized by the backscattering coefficient. The relatively small spectral variation of the distribution function is explained by the small spectral variation of the normalized volume scattering function, as well as by a function that describes the contribution of the backscattering-to-absorption ratio to the distribution function.

Long-term oceanographic and ecological research in the Western English Channel.

Long-term research in the western English Channel, undertaken by the marine laboratories in Plymouth, is described and details of survey methods, sites, and time series given in this chapter. Major findings are summarized and their limitations outlined. Current research, with recent reestablishment and expansion of many sampling programmes, is presented, and possible future approaches are indicated.