Optimizing single-chamber pacing in dogs Part 1: Rate determinations, rate interventions and hysteresis.

Determining ideal pacing rates to meet physiological needs and optimizing programming to prevent unnecessary right ventricular pacing in dogs requires an understanding of heart rate profiles and applicable pacing technology. The heart rate and rhythm of the dog is complex necessitating investigation of rate requirements of activity and circadian influences. Overlaying this information are a multiplicity of other factors such as age, breed, temperament, cardiovascular disease and underlining rhythm disorders that contribute to the difficulty in making general conclusions.

Optimizing single-chamber pacing in dogs. Part 2: Rate adaptive pacing.

Proper programming of pacemakers for dogs in the rate adaptive mode requires an understanding of the rate requirements for each individual and the interplay of programmable features. The specific advantages and disadvantages of the rate adaptive mode should be considered on a case by case basis. Fundamentally, two components are linked in the implementation of rate adaptive pacing: (1) sensing the need for a change in rate and (2) responding with the appropriate alteration in pacing rate.