The Maddox rod: Revisiting the optics.

The Maddox rod is a staple in the assessment of strabismus. However, its optics mechanism is puzzling. How is it that an orthogonal line focus is formed? Surprisingly, few texts offer an explanation and those that do either provide insufficient detail, contain misleading information or are difficult to follow.

Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty: Outcomes of Multiple Repeat Treatments.

Purpose: To characterize intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction, effect duration, and side effect profile of repeat selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) used as primary stand-alone treatment for open-angle glaucoma (OAG). The secondary aim was to investigate covariates associated with treatment response to SLT.

Design: Retrospective chart review.

Cardiovascular Disease Predicts Structural and Functional Progression in Early Glaucoma.

Purpose: To investigate the association between cardiovascular disease and baseline structural defects and disease progression in glaucoma.

Design: Prospective, longitudinal study of preperimetric and perimetric glaucoma.

Participants: Two thousand six hundred twenty-eight eyes from 1314 participants recruited to the Progression Risk of Glaucoma: Relevant SNPs with Significant Association (PROGRESSA) study were evaluated for baseline and longitudinal structural thinning using spectral-domain OCT and for visual field progression on Humphrey visual field (HVF) assessment.

Loss of Pressure Control Resulting from Tube Bending during Glaucoma Drainage Tube Perforations.

Purpose: Tube perforations are a common method of achieving early intraocular pressure control with ligated glaucoma drainage devices (GDDs). Our purpose was to investigate how bending GDD tubes affects the performance of needle perforations.

Design: Experimental report.

A modified technique for intraluminal stenting of glaucoma drainage devices: The guide-wire technique.

Glaucoma drainage tubes have become increasingly popular in the surgical management of uncontrolled glaucoma. Flow restriction is essential to prevent early postoperative hypotony with non-flow restrictive glaucoma drainage devices. Herein, we describe a new way of using a 3-0 Supramid suture as an intraluminal stent.

Multitrait analysis of glaucoma identifies new risk loci and enables polygenic prediction of disease susceptibility and progression.

Glaucoma, a disease characterized by progressive optic nerve degeneration, can be prevented through timely diagnosis and treatment. We characterize optic nerve photographs of 67,040 UK Biobank participants and use a multitrait genetic model to identify risk loci for glaucoma. A glaucoma polygenic risk score (PRS) enables effective risk stratification in unselected glaucoma cases and modifies penetrance of the MYOC variant encoding p.

A review of aqueous outflow resistance and its relevance to microinvasive glaucoma surgery.

Primary open-angle glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, and intraocular pressure reduction remains the only proven treatment strategy. Elevated intraocular pressure occurs as the result of impaired aqueous humor outflow. Both a passive model and a dynamic model have been used to explain trabecular outflow resistance.

Macular Ganglion Cell-Inner Plexiform Layer Loss Precedes Peripapillary Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Loss in Glaucoma with Lower Intraocular Pressure.

Purpose: To investigate which clinical measures influence whether an individual demonstrates earliest glaucomatous structural progression on peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) or macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (mGCIPL).

Design: Prospective, longitudinal cohort study.

Participants: Two hundred seventy-one eyes from 207 individuals with statistically significant evidence of glaucomatous progression on OCT Guided Progression Analysis (GPA) software were drawn from a total of 1271 eyes from 686 individuals categorized as glaucoma suspect or having early manifest glaucoma undergoing glaucoma surveillance.

Changes in Australian practice patterns for glaucoma management.

Importance: The demand for glaucoma care is projected to increase significantly with the ageing population.

Background: To characterize trends in Australian practice patterns for glaucoma management over the 15-y period between 2003 and 2017.

Design: Retrospective audit.

Prevalence and type of artefact with spectral domain optical coherence tomography macular ganglion cell imaging in glaucoma surveillance.

Purpose: The ganglion cell analysis (GCA) of the CIRRUSTM HD-OCT (Carl Zeiss, Meditec; Dublin, CA) provides measurement of the macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness. This study determined the frequency of scan artefacts and errors in GCIPL imaging in individuals undergoing HD-OCT surveillance for glaucoma.

Method: A total of 1439 eyes from 721 subjects enrolled in a prospective study assessing predictors of glaucoma progression underwent macular GCIPL imaging with the CIRRUS HD-OCT at recruitment.

Comparing Total Keratometry Measurement on the IOLMaster 700 With Goggin Nomogram Adjusted Anterior Keratometry.

Purpose: To compare "total keratometry" measurements with Goggin nomogram adjusted anterior keratometry (GNAK) for toric intraocular lens calculation.

Methods: Routine biometry provided measured total keratometry values from which astigmatism was derived. The Goggin nomogram was applied to anterior keratometry values on the same eyes to provide nomogram-adjusted anterior keratometry values (GNAK) that estimate total corneal astigmatism.

Association of Visual Impairment and All-Cause 10-Year Mortality Among Indigenous Australian Individuals Within Central Australia: The Central Australian Ocular Health Study.

Importance: It is well established from different population-based studies that visual impairment is associated with increased mortality rate. However, to our knowledge, the association of visual impairment with increased mortality rate has not been reported among indigenous Australian individuals.

Objective: To assess the association between visual impairment and 10-year mortality risk among the remote indigenous Australian population.

Antibiotic prophylaxis in cataract surgery in the setting of penicillin allergy: A decision-making algorithm.

Cataract surgery is the most commonly performed surgical procedure in many developed countries. Postoperative endophthalmitis is a rare complication with potentially devastating visual outcomes. Currently, there is no global consensus regarding antibiotic prophylaxis in cataract surgery despite growing evidence of the benefits of prophylactic intracameral cefuroxime at the conclusion of surgery.

Lymphoid hyperplasia of the orbit and ocular adnexa: A clinical ​pathologic review.

Lymphoid hyperplasia (LH) is a benign lymphoproliferative disorder that, in a minority of cases, may be associated with concurrent or metachronous non-Hodgkin lymphoma. LH cases are further subdivided into "reactive" and "atypical" categories based on the presence or absence of unequivocal malignant features. With improving molecular diagnostic technologies, "reactive" LH is by far the most common category of LH, with atypical LH accounting for only a small minority of specimens.

Clinico-radiological features of primary lacrimal gland pleomorphic adenoma: an analysis of 37 cases.

Purpose: To present the radiological and clinical features of primary lacrimal gland pleomorphic adenoma (PLGPA).

Methods: Thirty-seven consecutive PLGPAs presenting to two hospitals in Japan were reviewed.

Results: PLGPA cases had 15 men and 22 women with a mean age of 51.

Review of paediatric retinal microvascular changes as a predictor of cardiovascular disease.

Recent studies have supported the hypothesis that exposure to established cardiovascular risk factors in early life predisposes to the development of adult cardiovascular disease. Retinal imaging is an emerging technique which facilitates non-invasive, accurate and reproducible assessment of the retinal microvasculature. The assessment may be in the form of static vascular calibre measurements and assessment of the vascular geometry or dynamic structural and functional assessments.

Single-eye trial of a topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitor versus intravitreal bevacizumab for the treatment of taxane drug-induced cystoid macula oedema.

Taxanes are a class of microtubule stabilising agents used to treat a wide range of malignancies. Taxane drug-induced cystoid macula oedema (TDICMO) is a known but rare complication of therapy. First reported with Docetaxel in 2003 and Paclitaxel in 2007, there are currently less than 20 cases of TDICMO in the literature.

Bilateral IgG4-related ophthalmic disease: a strong indication for systemic imaging.

Background/aims: To investigate whether bilateral or unilateral IgG4-related ophthalmic disease (IgG4-ROD) is associated with extra-ophthalmic IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD).

Methods: Twin-centre retrospective observational case series of biopsy-confirmed IgG4-ROD. Clinical and radiology data were reviewed for laterality of IgG4-ROD and presence of extra-ophthalmic disease.

Idiopathic Dacryoadenitis: Clinical Features, Histopathology, and Treatment Outcomes.

Purpose: To review the clinical and histologic features of idiopathic dacryoadenitis, and to assess prognostic factors associated with disease recurrence, treatment recalcitrance, and incomplete treatment response.

Design: Retrospective interventional case series.

Methods: setting: Tertiary referral centers.

IgG4 Staining in Thyroid Eye Disease.

IgG4-related ophthalmic disease is increasingly widely recognized. Moreover, IgG4 staining can occur in other inflammatory diseases. The authors report a case of IgG4 staining of an enlarged, inflamed levator palpebrae superioris in a patient with a past history of thyroid eye disease.

Intraorbital corticosteroid injection for the treatment of IgG4-related ophthalmic disease.

Aim: To review the efficacy of intraorbital corticosteroid injection for the treatment of IgG4-related ophthalmic disease (IgG4-ROD).

Methods: This study was a retrospective twin-centre histopathology review and observational case series. A chart review was undertaken for 10 cases of biopsy-confirmed IgG4-ROD treated with intraorbital corticosteroid injection.

IgG4-Related Ophthalmic Disease: Pooling of Published Cases and Literature Review.

In recent years, IgG4-related ophthalmic disease (IgG4-ROD) has emerged as a common cause of orbital inflammation, accounting for a substantial proportion of idiopathic orbital inflammation and lymphoid hyperplasia. The last pooled analysis of published cases was conducted in 2012, but a large number of new cases have been added to the literature since then. In this review, we present the demographic, clinical, histological, and treatment data for 172 published cases of biopsy-confirmed IgG4-ROD.