Understanding the relationship between cognition and death: a within cohort examination of cognitive measures and mortality.

Despite several studies demonstrating an independent and inverse association between cognition and mortality, the nature of this association still remains unclear. To examine the association of cognition and mortality after accounting for sociodemographic, health and lifestyle factors and to explore both test and population characteristics influencing this relationship. In a population based cohort of 8585 men and women aged 48-92 years, who had cognitive assessments in 2006-2011 and were followed up till 2016 for mortality, we examined the relationship between individual cognitive tests as well as a global cognition score to compare their ability in predicting mortality and whether these differed by population characteristics.

Glaucoma and intraocular pressure in EPIC-Norfolk Eye Study: cross sectional study.

 To report the distribution of intraocular pressure (IOP) by age and sex and the prevalence of glaucoma. Community based cross sectional observational study. EPIC-Norfolk cohort in Norwich and the surrounding rural and urban areas.

Cross Sectional Associations between Socio-Demographic Factors and Cognitive Performance in an Older British Population: The European Investigation of Cancer in Norfolk (EPIC-Norfolk) Study.

Background: Cognition covers a range of abilities, such as memory, response time and language, with tests assessing either specific or generic aspects. However differences between measures may be observed within the same individuals.

Objective: To investigate the cross-sectional association of cognitive performance and socio-demographic factors using different assessment tools across a range of abilities in a British cohort study.

Cognitive function in a general population of men and women: a cross sectional study in the European Investigation of Cancer-Norfolk cohort (EPIC-Norfolk).

Background: Although ageing is strongly associated with cognitive decline, a wide range of cognitive ability is observed in older populations with varying rates of change across different cognitive domains.

Methods: Cognitive function was measured as part of the third health examination of the European Prospective Investigation of Cancer in Norfolk (EPIC-Norfolk 3) between 2006 and 2011 (including measures from the pilot phase from 2004 to 2006). This was done using a battery consisting of seven previously validated cognitive function tests assessing both global function and specific domains.

Visual acuity, self-reported vision and falls in the EPIC-Norfolk Eye study.

Purpose: To examine the relationship between visual acuity (VA) and self-reported vision (SRV) in relation to falls in 8317 participants of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer-Norfolk Eye study.

Methods: All participants completed a health questionnaire that included a question regarding SRV and questions regarding the number of falls in the past year. Distance VA was measured using a logMAR chart for each eye.

The physical capability of community-based men and women from a British cohort: the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC)-Norfolk study.

Background: The European Working Group for Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) published a case-finding algorithm for sarcopenia, recommending muscle mass measurement in older adults with low grip strength (women <20 kg; men <30 kg) or slow walking speed (≤0.8 m/s). However, the implications of adopting this algorithm into clinical practice are unclear.

Cohort profile: A prospective cohort study of objective physical and cognitive capability and visual health in an ageing population of men and women in Norfolk (EPIC-Norfolk 3).

The European Prospective Investigation of Cancer (EPIC) is a 10-country collaborative study in which EPIC-Norfolk is one of the UK centres. EPIC-Norfolk examined 25 639 men and women resident in East Anglia (aged 40-79 years), between 1993 and 1997. The EPIC collaboration was set up to examine the dietary determinants of cancer, but the remit in the EPIC-Norfolk cohort was broadened from the outset to include determinants of other health conditions and chronic diseases.

The EPIC-Norfolk Eye Study: rationale, methods and a cross-sectional analysis of visual impairment in a population-based cohort.

Objectives: To summarise the methods of the European Prospective Investigation of Cancer (EPIC)-Norfolk Eye Study, and to present data on the prevalence of visual impairment and associations with visual impairment in the participants.

Design: A population-based cross-sectional study nested within an on-going prospective cohort study (EPIC).

Setting: East England population (the city of Norwich and its surrounding small towns and rural areas).

Genotype-phenotype analysis of SNPs associated with primary angle closure glaucoma (rs1015213, rs3753841 and rs11024102) and ocular biometry in the EPIC-Norfolk Eye Study.

Aims: To investigate if the single nucleotide polymorphisms rs3753841, rs1015213 and rs11024102, recently implicated in the development of acute primary angle closure or primary angle closure glaucoma, are associated with ocular biometric characteristics of British adults in the European Prospective Investigation of Cancer-Norfolk eye study.

Methods: Genotyping data on rs1015213 (between PCMTD1 and ST18), rs11024102 (at PLEKHA7) and rs3753841 (at COL11A1) were available on 3268 participants. Direct genotypic data was available for rs1015213 and rs3753841.

Spectral domain optical coherence tomography imaging of the aqueous outflow structures in normal participants of the EPIC-Norfolk Eye Study.

Purpose: To measure the dimensions of aqueous outflow structures and to investigate associations with intraocular pressure (IOP) and ocular biometry parameters in an older British population.

Method: Fifty-two participants from the European Prospective Investigation of Cancer-Norfolk eye study underwent imaging using the Heidelberg Spectralis optical coherence tomographer with an anterior segment module. Pseudophakic participants and those known or suspected to have glaucoma were excluded, leaving 46 participants for analysis.

Uncorrected refractive error in older British adults: the EPIC-Norfolk Eye Study.

Aim: To investigate the prevalence of, and demographic associations with, uncorrected refractive error (URE) in an older British population.

Methods: Data from 4428 participants, aged 48-89 years, who attended an eye examination in the third health check of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer-Norfolk study and had also undergone an ophthalmic examination were assessed. URE was defined as ≥1 line improvement of visual acuity with pinhole-correction in the better eye in participants with LogMar presenting visual acuity (PVA) <0.

Intraocular pressure and corneal biomechanics in an adult British population: the EPIC-Norfolk eye study.

Purpose: To describe the distribution and determinants of intraocular pressure (IOP) and indices of corneal biomechanics in an adult British population.

Methods: Goldmann-equivalent IOP (IOPg), corneal mechanical characteristics (corneal hysteresis, CH; corneal resistance factor, CRF), and IOP adjusted for corneal factors (IOPcc) were measured. Ocular biometric characteristics were also measured in 4184 consecutive individuals aged 48 to 91 years recruited from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC)-Norfolk cohort.

The effect of including quantitative heel ultrasound in models for estimation of 10-year absolute risk of fracture.

The role of quantitative ultrasound (QUS) in clinical practice is debatable. An unanswered question is that whether combining QUS and BMD measurements could improve the prediction of fracture risk. We examined this in a sample of men and women in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC)-Norfolk who had both heel QUS and hip DXA between 1995 and 1997 and were followed for any incident fracture up to 2007.

Is QUS or DXA better for predicting the 10-year absolute risk of fracture?

Although quantitative ultrasound (QUS) is known to be correlated with BMD and bone structure, its long-term predictive power for fractures in comparison with DXA is unclear. We examined this in a sample of men and women in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC)-Norfolk who had both heel QUS and hip DXA between 1995 and 1997. From 1455 participants (703 men) 65-76 yr of age at baseline, 79 developed a fracture over 10.

Calcaneum broadband ultrasound attenuation relates to vegetarian and omnivorous diets differently in men and women: an observation from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer in Norfolk (EPIC-Norfolk) population study.

Vegetarian diets have been suggested to be beneficial for bone health due to increased consumption of plant foods, including soya, or reduced consumption of meat. However, meat may also be beneficial for bone health. The evidence relating diet to bone health is based largely on studies of women, often in those at high risk of osteoporosis.

Broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) of the heel bone and its correlates in men and women in the EPIC-Norfolk cohort: a cross-sectional population-based study.

Osteoporotic fractures have substantial clinical and public health impact. Bone quality is an important determinant of fracture risk. Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) of bone measured as broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) has been shown to predict fracture risk.

Effects of gender, anthropometric variables, and aging on the evolution of hip strength in men and women aged over 65.

Although gender differences in fall rates may partly explain the higher prevalence of fractures in elderly women than men, male bones may also be intrinsically stronger or suffer less structural degradation with age than those of women. We used hip structural analysis (HSA) to study gender differences in hip geometry and bone mineral density (BMD) as they evolved over time in elderly white men and women with the aim of identifying candidate biological pathways leading to heightened risk of hip fracture. We recruited 443 women and 439 men aged 67-79 years from a diet and cancer prospective population-based cohort study to a study of hip bone loss.