Characterization and performance evaluation of in-house ultrafiltration membrane coupled with photocatalysis for 17-methyltestosterone hormone removal.

17α-methyltestosterone (MT) hormone is a synthetic androgenic steroid hormone utilized to induce Nile tilapia transitioning for enhanced production yield. This study specifically focuses on the removal of MT through the utilization of photocatalytic membrane reactor (PMR), which employs an in-house polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) ultrafiltration membrane modified with 1% nanomaterials (either TiO or α-FeO). The molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of the in-house membrane falls within the ultrafiltration range.