Unlocking multi-mode sensing potential: Phosphorus-doped graphitic carbon nitride quantum dots for Ag, ciprofloxacin, and riboflavin analysis in environment and food matrices.

The simultaneous detection of multiple analytes through a single fluorescence sensor is highly attractive. In this study, phosphorus-doped graphitic carbon nitride quantum dots (P-CNQDs) were developed, achieving multi-mode sensing through three distinct response mechanisms. The preparation involved using melamine as the carbon and nitrogen source and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate as the phosphorus source.