Sleep effort and its measurement: A scoping review.

Insomnia disorder is characterized by disruption in sleep continuity and an overall dissatisfaction with sleep. A relevant feature of insomnia is sleep effort, which refers to both cognitive and behavioural conscious attempts to initiate sleep. The Glasgow Sleep Effort Scale is a self-report tool developed to assess this construct.

Post-stroke emotionalism: Diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment.

Background: Post-stroke emotionalism affects one in five stroke sufferers 6 months after their stroke, but despite its frequency remains a poorly understood stroke symptom. The literature is limited, especially compared to other frequently observed neurological conditions such as aphasia and visual neglect.

Aim And Methods: This narrative review presents a summary of the post-stroke emotionalism literature, to inform clinical practice and future research.

Sleep disturbance in people living with dementia or mild cognitive impairment: a realist review of general practice.

Background: Sleep disturbance is a prevalent condition among people living with dementia (PLwD) or mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Its assessment and management within primary care is complex because of the comorbidities, older age, and cognitive impairment typical of this patient group.

Aim: To explore how primary care clinicians assess, understand, and manage sleep disturbance for PLwD or MCI; if and why such initiatives work; and how people and their carers experience sleep disturbance and its treatment.

Allopurinol and blood pressure variability following ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack: a secondary analysis of XILO-FIST.

Blood Pressure Variability (BPV) is associated with cardiovascular risk and serum uric acid level. We investigated whether BPV was lowered by allopurinol and whether it was related to neuroimaging markers of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) and cognition. We used data from a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of two years allopurinol treatment after recent ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack.

A Systematic Review of Attentional Bias in Problem Gambling.

A large body of previous research has provided support for the role of attentional bias as a maintaining factor in addiction. This systematic review aimed to investigate the extent and nature of attentional bias as a phenomenon which exists within problem gamblers. Studies were identified through searches of three databases (MedLine, PSYCHINFO, and Web of Science) and examination of the reference lists of the final studies meeting criteria for inclusion.

Xanthine oxidase inhibition and white matter hyperintensity progression following ischaemic stroke and transient ischaemic attack (XILO-FIST): a multicentre, double-blinded, randomised, placebo-controlled trial.

Background: People who experience an ischaemic stroke are at risk of recurrent vascular events, progression of cerebrovascular disease, and cognitive decline. We assessed whether allopurinol, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, reduced white matter hyperintensity (WMH) progression and blood pressure (BP) following ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA).

Methods: In this multicentre, prospective, randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial conducted in 22 stroke units in the United Kingdom, we randomly assigned participants within 30-days of ischaemic stroke or TIA to receive oral allopurinol 300 mg twice daily or placebo for 104 weeks.

Research protocol - Assessing Post-Stroke Psychology Longitudinal Evaluation (APPLE) study: A prospective cohort study in stroke.

Background: Cognitive and mood problems have been highlighted as priorities in stroke research and guidelines recommend early screening. However, there is limited detail on the preferred approach.We aimed to (1) determine the optimal methods for evaluating psychological problems that pre-date stroke; (2) assess the test accuracy, feasibility and acceptability of brief cognitive and mood tests used at various time-points following stroke; (3) describe temporal changes in cognition and mood following stroke and explore predictors of change.

TEARS: a longitudinal investigation of the prevalence, psychological associations and trajectory of poststroke emotionalism.

Objective: There are few longitudinal studies of poststroke emotionalism (PSE) and our understanding of the psychological associations of PSE is limited, constraining assessment of existing interventions and the development of new therapies. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and course of PSE over the first year poststroke, and its psychological associations.

Methods: Consenting stroke survivors who were physically and cognitively able to participate were assessed within 2 weeks, 6 and 12 months of stroke to determine PSE point prevalence using a diagnostic, semistructured PSE interview (Testing Emotionalism After Recent Stroke-Diagnostic Interview).

Demographic, clinical and neuroimaging markers of post-stroke emotionalism: A preliminary investigation.

Introduction: Post stroke emotionalism (PSE) is a common but poorly understood condition. The value of altered brain structure as a putative risk factor for PSE alongside routinely available demographic and clinical variables has yet to be elucidated.

Methods: 85 patients were recruited from acute inpatient settings within 2 weeks of stroke.

Practical guidance on use of TEARS-Q to diagnose post-stroke emotionalism.

Objective: To evaluate, using a classification tree methodology, the ability of the Testing Emotionalism After Recent Stroke - Questionnaire (TEARS-Q) to determine the need for further assessment of post-stroke emotionalism and to identify those whose emotionalism is sufficiently clear that they need assessment for potential intervention.

Setting: Acute stroke units of nine Scottish hospitals in the context of a longitudinal cohort study of post-stroke emotionalism.

Subjects: A total of 228 stroke survivors recruited between October 1st 2015 and September 30th 2018, within two weeks of stroke.

Incidence and prevalence of post-stroke insomnia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Problems with sleep are reported to be common after stroke but the incidence and prevalence of insomnia and insomnia symptoms following stroke is not yet established. The aim of this review was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the incidence and prevalence of insomnia and insomnia symptoms in individuals affected by stroke. We searched seven main electronic databases to identify studies until September 25, 2018.

Non-pharmacological interventions for post-stroke emotionalism (PSE) within inpatient stroke settings: a theory of planned behavior survey.

: Post-stroke emotionalism (PSE) is common. Trials of antidepressants for PSE suggest only modest clinical benefit and risk of side effects. There have been no trials of non-pharmacological treatments for PSE; in fact, little is known about the non-pharmacological treatments actually provided to PSE sufferers in clinical practice.

Measuring the effects of listening for leisure on outcome after stroke (MELLO): A pilot randomized controlled trial of mindful music listening.

Background: Cognitive deficits and low mood are common post-stroke. Music listening is suggested to have beneficial effects on cognition, while mindfulness may improve mood. Combining these approaches may enhance cognitive recovery and improve mood early post-stroke.

Participants' experiences of music, mindful music, and audiobook listening interventions for people recovering from stroke.

Existing research evidence suggests that both music listening and mindfulness interventions may have beneficial effects on mood and cognition poststroke. This mixed-methods study, nested within a pilot randomized controlled trial investigating the feasibility and acceptability of combining music listening and brief mindfulness training poststroke, explored study participants' experiences of engaging in the interventions. Fifty-six stroke survivors who were randomized to receive an 8-week intervention of mindful music listening (n = 15), music listening (n = 21), or audiobook listening (n = 20, control) using self-selected material participated in a postintervention individual semistructured interview with a researcher not involved in their intervention delivery.

Cognitive Impairment and Heart Failure: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: Cognitive impairment and dementia are associated with a range of cardiovascular conditions, including hypertension, coronary artery disease, and atrial fibrillation. We aimed to describe the association with heart failure, summarizing published data to give estimates of prevalence, incidence, and relative risk of cognitive impairment/dementia in heart failure.

Methods: We searched multidisciplinary databases including MEDLINE (OVID), EMBASE (OVID), CINAHL (EBSCO), PsychINFO (EBSCO), Web of Science (Thomson Reuters), and CENTRAL (Cochrane Library) from inception until May 31, 2015.

Prevalence of Pseudobulbar Affect following Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: Several studies have reported that emotional lability is a common consequence of stroke. However, there is uncertainty about the "true" prevalence of the condition because, across these studies, patients have been recruited at different stages of recovery, from different settings, and using different diagnostic methods. There have been no systematic reviews of the published evidence to ascertain how the prevalence of poststroke pseudobulbar affect (PBA) might vary according to these factors.

Depression and anxiety symptoms post-stroke/TIA: prevalence and associations in cross-sectional data from a regional stroke registry.

Background: Mood disorders are commonly seen in those with cerebrovascular disease. Literature to-date has tended to focus on depression and on patients with stroke, with relatively little known about post-stroke anxiety or mood disorder in those with transient ischaemic attack (TIA). We aimed to describe prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms in stroke and TIA cohorts and to explore association with clinical and socio-demographic factors.

Feasibility and diagnostic accuracy of early mood screening to diagnose persisting clinical depression/anxiety disorder after stroke.

Background: Depression/anxiety disorders are common after stroke and have a negative impact on outcomes. Guidelines recommend that all stroke survivors are screened for these problems. However, there is no consensus on timing or method of assessment.

Poststroke anxiety is prevalent at the population level, especially among socially deprived and younger age community stroke survivors.

Background: Most studies of poststroke anxiety prevalence are hospital based, so knowledge of anxiety in community stroke survivors is limited. Few studies address the association between poststroke anxiety and patient age. No study has explored the relationship between poststroke anxiety prevalence and social deprivation.

Cognitive Assessment and Rehabilitation Pathway for Stroke (CARPS).

Complex cognitive impairments are common after stroke and they can significantly impede individuals' progress in rehabilitation. Treatment strategies that allow patients to compensate for such deficits are therefore an important part of multidisciplinary rehabilitation, as acknowledged by various clinical guidelines. In part due to the heterogeneity of poststroke cognitive impairments, the evidence base for treatments in this area is often unclear or inconsistent.

Questionnaire assessment of usual practice in mood and cognitive assessment in Scottish stroke units.

Purpose: National and International guidelines recommend cognition and mood assessment for all stroke survivors. However, there is no consensus on preferred screening tool or method of assessment. We aimed to describe clinical practice in cognitive and mood assessment across Scottish stroke services.

Cognitive and mood assessment in stroke research: focused review of contemporary studies.

Background And Purpose: International guidelines recommend cognitive and mood assessments for stroke survivors; these assessments also have use in clinical trials. However, there is no consensus on the optimal assessment tool(s). We aimed to describe use of cognitive and mood measures in contemporary published stroke trials.

Post-stroke emotional adjustment: a modified Social Cognitive Transition model.

Patients report a wide variety of emotional responses following stroke. Some individuals find the process of adjusting to their changed circumstances extremely difficult, while others cope well. Predicting and understanding patients' adjustment to stroke therefore poses challenges within rehabilitation settings.