Subsidence and carbon dioxide emissions in a smallholder peatland mosaic in Sumatra, Indonesia.

Most attention in quantifying carbon dioxide (CO) emissions from tropical peatlands has been on large-scale plantations (industrial timber, oil palm ()), differing in drainage and land-use practices from those of smallholder farms. We measured subsidence and changes in bulk density and carbon organic content to calculate CO emissions over 2.5 years in a remnant logged-over forest and four dominant smallholder land-use types in Tanjung Jabung Barat District, Jambi Province, Sumatra, Indonesia: (1) simple rubber () agroforest (> 30 years), (2) mixed coconut () and coffee gardens () (> 40 years), (3) mixed betel nut () and coffee gardens (> 20 years), and (4) oil palm plantation (1 year).