Waterpipe tobacco smoking and risk of all-cause mortality: a prospective cohort study.

Background: Despite an increasing proportion of smokers who use non-cigarette products, the harmfulness of these is inconsistent. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of waterpipe tobacco (WTP) smoking on all-cause mortality.

Methods: A prospective cohort study followed up on 35 646 participants from 2007 to 2019 in Northern Viet Nam.