Blink Rate Measured In Situ Decreases While Reading From Printed Text or Digital Devices, Regardless of Task Duration, Difficulty, or Viewing Distance.

Purpose: To compare blinking measured in situ during various tasks and examine relationships with ocular surface symptoms. The day-to-day repeatability of the blink rate and interblink interval was assessed.

Methods: Twenty-four students (28.

Blinking and normal ocular surface in school-aged children and the effects of age and screen time.

Purpose: Baseline ocular surface characteristics in children require investigation. This study characterised blinking and relationships with ocular symptoms, tear film and digital device use.

Methods: 45 children aged 6-15 years (56% female) participated in a cross-sectional study.

Smartphone gaming induces dry eye symptoms and reduces blinking in school-aged children.

Purpose: Smartphone use by children is rising rapidly, but its ocular surface impact is unknown. This study examined the effect of smartphone use on blinking, symptoms, and tear function in children.

Methods: Prospective intervention study where 36 children aged 6-15years (14 M:22 F) played games on a smartphone continuously for one hour.

Dry eye symptoms in children: can we reliably measure them?

Purpose: Many dry eye questionnaires are available, but these may not be suitable for paediatric eye care. The feasibility of use and repeatability of symptom questionnaires administered to children was examined.

Methods: Participants aged 6-15 years (n = 62; 25M:37F; 40% male) completed six questionnaires twice in random order at a single visit: Symptoms assessment in dry eye (SANDE), ocular surface disease index (OSDI), numerical rating scale (NRS), ocular comfort index (OCI, n = 30), dry eye questionnaire 5 (DEQ-5) and the instant ocular symptoms survey (IOSS).

The ocular surface in children: A review of current knowledge and meta-analysis of tear film stability and tear secretion in children.

Purpose: A review of ocular surface and meta-analysis of tear stability (tear break up time, TBUT) and tear secretion (Schirmer test) values in healthy children was conducted.

Methods: Articles published between 1996 and 2017 indexed on MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, Scopus and Google Scholar were retrieved using defined search terms. Statistical analysis (including sensitivity analysis and meta-regression) was performed.