Precision Doppler shift measurements with a frequency comb calibrated laser heterodyne radiometer.

We report precision atmospheric spectroscopy of CO using a laser heterodyne radiometer (LHR) calibrated with an optical frequency comb. Using the comb calibrated LHR, we record spectra of atmospheric CO near 1572.33 nm with a spectral resolution of 200 MHz, using sunlight as a light source.

Targeting a Conserved Lysine in the Hydrophobic Pocket of HIV-1 gp41 Improves Small Molecule Antiviral Activity.

Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) fusion is mediated by glycoprotein-41, a protein that has not been widely exploited as a drug target. Small molecules directed at the gp41 ectodomain have proved to be poorly drug-like, having moderate efficacy, high hydrophobicity and/or high molecular weight. We recently investigated conversion of a fairly potent hydrophobic inhibitor into a covalent binder, by modifying it to react with a lysine residue on the protein.

Large regional shortwave forcing by anthropogenic methane informed by Jovian observations.

Recently, it was recognized that widely used calculations of methane radiative forcing systematically underestimated its global value by 15% by omitting its shortwave effects. We show that shortwave forcing by methane can be accurately calculated despite considerable uncertainty and large gaps in its shortwave spectroscopy. We demonstrate that the forcing is insensitive, even when confronted with much more complete methane absorption spectra extending to violet light wavelengths derived from observations of methane-rich Jovian planets.