Critical Conditions for Studying Interleukin-11 Signaling In Vitro and Avoiding Experimental Artefacts.

Interleukin (IL) 11 is a member of the IL6 family of cytokines which require the ubiquitous gp130 receptor to activate canonical (JAK/STAT) and non-canonical (e.g., ERK) signaling pathways.

Genetic Studies of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in Singaporeans Identify Variants in and That Are Common in Chinese Patients.

Background: To assess the genetic architecture of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) in patients of predominantly Chinese ancestry.

Methods: We sequenced HCM disease genes in Singaporean patients (n=224) and Singaporean controls (n=3634), compared findings with additional populations and White HCM cohorts (n=6179), and performed in vitro functional studies.

Results: Singaporean HCM patients had significantly fewer confidently interpreted HCM disease variants (pathogenic/likely pathogenic: 18%, <0.