Population-based incidence of diabetes in Australian youth aged 10-18 yr: increase in type 1 diabetes but not type 2 diabetes.

Background: Global incidence of childhood type 2 diabetes has increased, with a greater rise amongst certain ethnic groups.

Objectives: To examine the change in the incidence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in Australian youth, aged 10-18 yr, in New South Wales, Australia.

Methods: Prospective population-based incidence study (2001-2008).

A diabetes awareness campaign prevents diabetic ketoacidosis in children at their initial presentation with type 1 diabetes.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of a diabetes awareness campaign on the incidence of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) at the first presentation of type 1 diabetes in children (0-18 yr).

Methods: This study was a controlled population intervention study with a 2-yr baseline period and a 2-yr intervention period. Data were collected on all children presenting with their initial diagnosis of type 1 diabetes [pH, bicarbonate, base excess, blood glucose level (BGL), urea, and creatinine] at Gosford, Newcastle, and Sydney (Sydney Children's Hospital and Royal North Shore Hospital).

Children with islet autoimmunity and enterovirus infection demonstrate a distinct cytokine profile.

Cytokines are upregulated in prediabetes, but their relationship with Enterovirus (EV) infection and development of islet autoimmunity is unknown. Cytokines (n = 65) were measured using Luminex xMAP technology in a nested case-control study of 67 children with a first-degree relative with type 1 diabetes: 27 with islet autoantibodies (Ab(+)) and 40 age-matched persistently autoantibody negative (Ab(-)) control subjects. Of 74 samples, 37 (50%) were EV-PCR(+) in plasma and/or stool (EV(+)) and the remainder were negative for EV and other viruses (EV(-)).

Case report: consumptive hypothyroidism consequent to multiple infantile hepatic haemangiomas.

A 10-month-old infant with multiple infantile hepatic hemangiomas and developmental delay is reported. He was found to be profoundly hypothyroid. Evaluation and management issues are discussed.

Type 2 diabetes in Indigenous and non-Indigenous children and adolescents in New South Wales.

Objective: To determine the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in 2001-2006 in young people < 19 years and the characteristics of T2DM in the Indigenous group.

Design And Setting: Prospective population-based incidence study, New South Wales.

Participants: Primary ascertainment was from the Australasian Paediatric Endocrine Group NSW Diabetes Register, with secondary ascertainment from the National Diabetes Register (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare).

Autonomic nerve testing predicts the development of complications: a 12-year follow-up study.

Objective: Cardiac autonomic nerve tests have predicted increased mortality in adults with diabetes, predominantly due to nephropathy, cardiac disease, and hypoglycemia. The significance of subclinical autonomic nerve test abnormalities has not been systematically studied in adolescents. We aimed to reassess an adolescent cohort, whose autonomic nervous system had been tested 12 years earlier by both pupillometry and cardiovascular tests.

Prevalence of diabetes complications in adolescents with type 2 compared with type 1 diabetes.

Objective: To compare the prevalence of diabetes complications and their risk factors in youth with type 1 versus type 2 diabetes.

Research Design And Methods: We performed a comparative clinic-based study of 1,433 patients with type 1 diabetes and 68 patients with type 2 diabetes aged <18 years from New South Wales, Australia. Retinopathy was assessed by seven-field stereoscopic retinal photography; albumin excretion rate from three consecutive, timed, overnight urine collections; peripheral neuropathy by thermal and vibration threshold; and autonomic neuropathy by pupillometry.

The rising incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes in New South Wales, 1990-2002.

Objectives: To determine the incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in New South Wales from 1997 to 2002; to compare with previously published rates (1990-1996); and to analyse trends in incidence from 1990 to 2002.

Design, Setting And Participants: Prospective population-based incidence study. Primary ascertainment of incident cases aged < 15 years was from the Australasian Paediatric Endocrine Group NSW children's diabetes register.

Discordant trends in microvascular complications in adolescents with type 1 diabetes from 1990 to 2002.

Objective: Since the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial, diabetes management goals have changed. The aims of the present study were to assess complication rates, including nerve abnormalities, in adolescents from 1990 to 2002 and to investigate associated risk factors.

Research Design And Methods: Cross-sectional analysis of complications was assessed in three study periods (1990-1994 [T1], 1995-1998 [T2], and 1999-2002 [T3]) in adolescents matched for age and diabetes duration (n = 878, median age 14.

Intramyocellular lipid, adiposity, and muscle oxygen supply in prepubertal type 1 diabetes.

Background: In the non-diabetic population, intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) accumulation is associated with obesity and poor muscle oxygen supply. IMCL levels are increased in type 1 diabetes, but their significance is less clear.

Methods: We studied a group of 16 prepubertal boys (age 6.

Reduced frequency of HLA DRB1*03-DQB1*02 in children with type 1 diabetes associated with enterovirus RNA.

Enteroviruses have been associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), but it is unclear whether there is a distinct disease subtype. Plasma and stool samples from 206 consecutively diagnosed children and 160 healthy control children were analyzed by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction for the RNA of 60 enteroviruses. More children with diabetes tested positive for enterovirus RNA (30% vs.

Do all prepubertal years of diabetes duration contribute equally to diabetes complications?

Objective: This study was designed to explore the timeline of protection against complications in prepubertal children with diabetes, in particular the effects of diabetes duration before age 5 years.

Research Design And Methods: In this study, 193 adolescents with prepubertal diabetes onset were followed longitudinally for retinopathy (early background and clinical) and microalbuminuria (albumin excretion rate >7.5 micro g/min and >20 micro g/min).

Diagnosis of enterovirus infection by genus-specific PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.

PCR for the diagnosis of enterovirus infections is resource intensive but is increasingly used due to wide availability. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) that detect heterotypical antibodies against enterovirus immunoglobulin M (IgM), IgA, and IgG were compared with reverse transcription-PCR by using primers specific to the 5' untranslated regions of 60 enterovirus species. The ELISAs were less sensitive than the PCR, and only the ELISA for IgM was highly specific.