Inhibition of type 1 diabetes correlated to a Lactobacillus johnsonii N6.2-mediated Th17 bias.

Although it is known that resident gut flora contribute to immune system function and homeostasis, their role in the progression of the autoimmune disease type 1 diabetes (T1D) is poorly understood. Comparison of stool samples isolated from Bio-Breeding rats, a classic model of T1D, shows that distinct bacterial populations reside in spontaneous Bio-Breeding diabetes-prone (BBDP) and Bio-Breeding diabetes-resistant animals. We have previously shown that the oral transfer of Lactobacillus johnsonii strain N6.

Early postnatal nutrition and programming of the preterm neonate.

Early postnatal nutrition is a vital determinant of adult health; this is particularly true for the infant born prematurely and cared for in a hospital setting such as the neonatal intensive care unit. Human and animal studies support the contribution of postnatal dietary composition and the rate of extrauterine growth to long-term metabolic outcomes. One mechanism by which postnatal nutrition affects long-term outcome is via developmental programming.

Ischemia-reperfusion and neonatal intestinal injury.

We review research relating ischemia/reperfusion to injury in the neonatal intestine. Epidemiologic evidence suggests that the most common form of necrotizing enterocolitis is not triggered by a primary hypoxic-ischemic event. Its late occurrence, lack of preceding ischemic events, and evidence for microbial and inflammatory processes preclude a major role for primary hypoxic ischemia as the sentinel pathogenic event.

Myxobacteria gliding motility requires cytoskeleton rotation powered by proton motive force.

Myxococcus xanthus is a Gram-negative bacterium that glides over surfaces without the aid of flagella. Two motility systems are used for locomotion: social-motility, powered by the retraction of type IV pili, and adventurous (A)-motility, powered by unknown mechanism(s). We have shown that AgmU, an A-motility protein, is part of a multiprotein complex that spans the inner membrane and periplasm of M.

[Anaesthics incidents - Injuries caused by regional anaesthesia - closed claims of the North German Arbitration Board].

Injuries caused by regional anaesthesia are the second most common reason for a patient to apply to the North German Arbitration Board. Part of the reported injuries are mild and transient, while others are severe and permanent, e.g.

[Anaesthetic incidents - Airway management and injuries in anaesthesia - closed claims of the North German Arbitration Board].

Injuries related to the airway management belong to the most often observed anaesthesia-related complications. Injuries of the trachea and the oesophagus possibly require surgical treatment. The most severe injuries caused by the airway management are the hypoxic brain damage and the patient's death.

[Wound closure after irrigation with Octenisept® without possibility for drainage].

A 39-year-old patient suffered a stab wound of the right thenar prominence after an accident with a screwdriver. In the first hospital the deep wound was irrigated with octenidine dihydrochloride/2-phenoxyethanol and closed by suture. During the further course pressure pain and numbness of the right thenar and swelling of the right hand occurred.

NIH Consensus Development Conference statement: inhaled nitric-oxide therapy for premature infants.

Premature birth is a major public health problem in the United States and internationally. Infants born at or before 32 weeks' gestation (2% of all births in the United States in 2007) are at extremely high risk for death in the neonatal period or for pulmonary, visual, and neurodevelopmental morbidities with lifelong consequences including bronchopulmonary dysplasia, retinopathy of prematurity, and brain injury. Risks for adverse outcomes increase with decreasing gestational age.

Long-term effects of neonatal glutamine-enriched nutrition in very-low-birth-weight infants.

Several studies in very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants have investigated the effect of parenteral or enteral glutamine supplementation on morbidity, mortality, and outcome in the neonatal period. No evidence of toxicity of glutamine supplementation was found in these clinical trials, but the results for efficacy on a limited number of outcomes have been mixed. The use of glutamine supplementation in VLBW infants has not become routine.

Metamaterial-based gradient index lens with strong focusing in the THz frequency range.

The development of innovative terahertz (THz) imaging systems has recently moved in the focus of scientific efforts due to the ability to screen substances through textiles or plastics. The invention of THz imaging systems with high spatial resolution is of increasing interest for applications in the realms of quality control, spectroscopy in dusty environment and security inspections. To realize compact THz imaging systems with high spatial resolution it is necessary to develop lenses of minimized thickness that still allow one to focus THz radiation to small spot diameters with low optical aberrations.

[Malpractice in the treatment of supracondylar humeral fractures in children - experience of the arbitration office of the Northern German Medical Boards].

Introduction: Arbitration offices ("Schlichtungsstellen") in Germany are expert panels for the extrajudicial resolution of malpractice claims. The performance of arbitration panel proceedings ("Schlichtungsverfahren") is based on the German medical and insurance jurisdiction. In Germany, and in the United States likewise, malpractice claims involving children concern in most cases fracture treatment followed by appendicitis.

NIH consensus development conference: Inhaled nitric oxide therapy for premature infants.

Objective: To provide healthcare providers, patients, and the general public with a responsible assessment of currently available data on the use of inhaled nitric oxide in early routine, early rescue, or later rescue regimens in the care of premature infants <34 weeks gestation who require respiratory support.

Participants: A non-Department of Health and Human Services, nonadvocate 16-member panel representing the fields of biostatistics, child psychology, clinical trials, ethics, family-centered care, neonatology, neurodevelopmental follow-up, nursing, pediatric epidemiology, neurobehavior, neurological surgery, neurology, and pulmonology, perinatology, and research methodology. In addition, 18 experts from pertinent fields presented data to the panel and conference audience.

The intestinal microbiome: relationship to type 1 diabetes.

This article discusses recent evidence that associates the developing intestinal microbiome to the pathogenesis of autoimmune T1D. It attempts to identify avenues that should be pursued that relate this new evidence to interventions that eventually could result in prevention.

Butyrate and type 1 diabetes mellitus: can we fix the intestinal leak?

Objectives: An intestinal permeability defect precedes type 1 diabetes mellitus and may be a permissive factor in its pathogenesis. Butyrate strengthens the intestinal tight junctions. We hypothesized that enteral administration of sodium butyrate (NaB) in preweaned rats would result in differences in the development of diabetes associated with decreased inflammation and pancreatic β-cell destruction.

[Missed clavicle fracture, deep vein thrombosis following bicycle accident with head and chest trauma].

A 57-year-old patient suffered head and chest trauma following a bicycle accident. After 12 days in hospital with early mobilization the patient developed a deep vein thrombosis 5 days after being discharged and the family physician diagnosed a non-displaced clavicle fracture. The patient complained that no thrombosis prophylaxis had been carried out during the stay in hospital and the clavicle fracture had been overlooked.

Toward defining the autoimmune microbiome for type 1 diabetes.

Several studies have shown that gut bacteria have a role in diabetes in murine models. Specific bacteria have been correlated with the onset of diabetes in a rat model. However, it is unknown whether human intestinal microbes have a role in the development of autoimmunity that often leads to type 1 diabetes (T1D), an autoimmune disorder in which insulin-secreting pancreatic islet cells are destroyed.

Lactobacillus johnsonii N6.2 mitigates the development of type 1 diabetes in BB-DP rats.

Background: The intestinal epithelium is a barrier that composes one of the most immunologically active surfaces of the body due to constant exposure to microorganisms as well as an infinite diversity of food antigens. Disruption of intestinal barrier function and aberrant mucosal immune activation have been implicated in a variety of diseases within and outside of the gastrointestinal tract. With this model in mind, recent studies have shown a link between diet, composition of intestinal microbiota, and type 1 diabetes pathogenesis.

Monitoring technologies in the neonatal intensive care unit: implications for the detection of necrotizing enterocolitis.

Necrotizing enterocolitis is the most common and fulminant gastrointestinal disease affecting neonates. Its pathogenesis is heterogeneous and not clearly understood. Early detection could prevent some of the devastating consequences of this disease, but currently there is no noninvasive method of reliable early-stage detection.

Molecular modulation of intestinal epithelial barrier: contribution of microbiota.

The daunting task required of the gut-barrier to prevent luminal pathogens and harmful substances from entering into the internal milieu and yet promoting digestion and absorption of nutrients requires an exquisite degree of coordination between the different architectural units of this barrier. The complex integration and execution of these functions are superbly carried out by the intestinal mucosal (IM) surface. Exposed to trillions of luminal microbes, the IM averts threats by signaling to the innate immune system, through pattern recognition receptors (PRR), to respond to the commensal bacteria by developing tolerance (hyporesponsiveness) towards them.

The infant intestinal microbiome: friend or foe?

During the course of mammalian evolution there has been a close relationship between microbes residing in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the mammalian host. Interactions of resident intestinal microbes with the luminal contents and the mucosal surface play important roles in normal intestinal development' nutrition and adaptive innate immunity. The GI tract of the premature infant has a large but fragile surface area covered by a thin monolayer of epithelial cells that overlies a highly immunoreactive submucosa.