Chronic exercise effects on overall depression severity and distinct depressive symptoms in older adults: A protocol of a systematic and meta-analytic review.

Introduction: There is high evidence that chronic exercise benefits overall depression severity in older adults. However, late-life depression is characterized by considerable heterogeneity in clinical manifestation emphasizing the need for more individualized exercise intervention programs. Therefore, the objective of the proposed review is to investigate the effects of chronic exercise on overall depression severity and on different symptoms of depression in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) including older adults with a mean age of at least 60 years, and by considering the moderating effects of intervention characteristics and individual characteristics.

Effects of chronic physical exercise on executive functions and episodic memory in clinical and healthy older adult populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol.

Background: Executive functions (EFs) and episodic memory are fundamental components of cognition that deteriorate with age and are crucial for independent living. While numerous reviews have explored the effect of exercise on these components in old age, these reviews screened and analyzed selected older adult populations, or specific exercise modes, thus providing only limited answers to the fundamental question on the effect of exercise on cognition in old age. This article describes the protocol for a systematic review and multilevel meta-analytic study aiming at evaluating the effectiveness of different types of chronic exercise in improving and/or maintaining EFs and long-term episodic memory in older adults.

Selecting an appropriate control group for studying the effects of exercise on cognitive performance.

Differences in expectations between experimental and control groups can influence the outcomes of exercise interventions, emphasizing the need to match expectations across study groups. This online study examined whether the expectations to improve the performance of different cognitive tasks differ between various activities commonly used in research on the effects of exercise and cognitive function. Two hundred and five middle-aged adults performed two reaction-time tasks and one memory task.

The effect of acute exercise on cognitive and motor inhibition - Does fitness moderate this effect?

Background: Given the extensive evidence on improvements in cognitive inhibition immediately following exercise, and the literature indicating that cognitive and motor inhibitory functions are mediated by overlapping brain networks, the aim of this study was to assess, for the first time, the effect of moderate intensity acute aerobic exercise on multi-limb motor inhibition, as compared to cognitive inhibition.

Method: Participants were 36 healthy adults aged 40-60 years old (mean age 46.8 ± 5.

Myokines as mediators of exercise-induced cognitive changes in older adults: protocol for a comprehensive living systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: The world's population is aging, but life expectancy has risen more than healthy life expectancy (HALE). With respect to brain and cognition, the prevalence of neurodegenerative disorders increases with age, affecting health and quality of life, and imposing significant healthcare costs. Although the effects of physical exercise on cognition in advanced age have been widely explored, in-depth fundamental knowledge of the underlying mechanisms of the exercise-induced cognitive improvements is lacking.

Evidence-based yet still challenging! Research on physical activity in old age.

Preserving functional health and quality-of-life in old age is a major goal and global challenge in public health. The high rate of sedentary behavior that is characteristic of the older adult population exacerbates impairments of physiological and structural systems that are typically seen in the aging process. Achieving an understanding of the profound influence of physical activity on all aspects of health in old age is the driving force behind the emergence of "physical activity in old age" as a growing area of research.

Effect of physical activity interventions on quality of life in older adults: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis.

Introduction: Quality of life (QoL) has been acknowledged as a fundamental concept in the field of health and is favorably improved by physical activity (PA). This systematic review aims to assess the benefits and harms of different types of PA to improve health-related QoL in both community-dwelling and diseased older adults to provide a recommendation for the minimum amount of PA needed to obtain measurable QoL benefits.

Methods And Analysis: We will search MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, CINHAL, Epistemonikos, Web of Science and gray literature.

Static Balance Digital Endpoints with Mon4t: Smartphone Sensors vs. Force Plate.

Static balance tests are conducted in various clinics for diagnosis and treatment adjustment. As a result of population aging, the accessibility of these tests should be increased, in the clinic, and for remote patient examination. A number of publications have already conducted static balance evaluations using the sensors embedded in a smartphone.

Predictors of Future Walking Speed: A 12-Month Monitoring Program.

The purpose of the current study was to identify significant predictors of walking speed (WS) among community-dwelling older adults, as it is one of the most representative measures of functioning in their daily lives. Seventy-seven (24 adult men, 26 adult women, and 27 older-adult women) community-dwelling older adults (73.7 ± 4.

Personalized multicomponent exercise programs using smartphone technology among older people: protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

Background: Optimal application of the recently updated World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for exercise in advanced age necessitates an accurate adjustment for the age-related increasing variability in biological age and fitness levels, alongside detailed recommendations across a range of motor fitness components, including balance, strength, and flexibility. We previously developed and validated a novel tool, designed to both remotely assess these fitness components, and subsequently deliver a personalized exercise program via smartphone. We describe the design of a prospective randomized control trial, comparing the effectiveness of the remotely delivered personalized multicomponent exercise program to either WHO exercise guidelines or no intervention.

Personalized Exercise Programs Based upon Remote Assessment of Motor Fitness: A Pilot Study among Healthy People Aged 65 Years and Older.

Background: The World Health Organization has recently updated exercise guidelines for people aged >65 years, emphasizing the inclusion of multiple fitness components. However, without adequate recognition of individual differences, these guidelines may be applied using an approach that "one-size-fits-all." Within the shifting paradigm toward an increasingly personalized approach to medicine and health, it is apparent that fitness components display a significant age-related increase in variability.

Correlates of Early-Stage Frailty-Sleep, Fitness, Oxidative Stress, and BMI.

Frailty reflects a decreased reserve in multiple systems resulting from cumulative decline. Frailty markers should be identified as early as possible to attenuate the loss of reserve. The aim of this study was to identify potentially modifiable correlates of frailty in relatively healthy older adults.

Behavioral and Neurophysiological Aspects of Inhibition-The Effects of Acute Cardiovascular Exercise.

This review summarizes behavioral and neurophysiological aspects of inhibitory control affected by a single bout of cardiovascular exercise. The review also examines the effect of a single bout of cardiovascular exercise on these processes in young adults with a focus on the functioning of prefrontal pathways (including the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and elements of the prefrontal-basal ganglia pathways). Finally, the review offers an overview on the potential effects of cardiovascular exercise on GABA-ergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission in the adult brain and propose mechanisms or processes that may mediate these effects.

The Acute Effect of Exercise on Executive Function and Attention: Resistance Versus Aerobic Exercise.

Acute aerobic exercise was shown to enhance such cognitive functions as executive function (EF) and attention. Acute resistance exercise was also shown to enhance cognitive functions, however, only few studies directly compared these two exercise modalities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute effect of a typical moderate intensity resistance exercise session as compared to a typical moderate intensity aerobic session, on executive function and attention.

Small samples and increased variability - discussing the need for restricted types of randomization in exercise interventions in old age.

Background: Randomization provides an equal chance for participants to be allocated to intervention groups, in order to create an equal distribution of all variables at baseline in all groups. However, this is not guaranteed, particularly if the groups are too small, or if the researched groups consist of older adults. The aims of this commentary are to discuss the increased variability in old age which intensifies the risk of baseline inequalities, to elaborate on the need to estimate potential baseline group differences in small samples of older participants in exercise intervention, to discuss alternative procedures for creating equal groups at baseline and to provide specific guidelines for selecting the design of small studies.

Dealing with Possible Baseline Inequalities Between Experimental Groups - The Case of Motor Learning.

One important concept of experimental design is the random assignment of participants to experimental groups. This randomization process is used to prevent selection bias, as well as to provide a strong basis for a cause-and-effect relationship between the independent variable/s and the dependent variable/s. In small sample sizes, simple randomization may not provide equal groups at baseline for one or more of the variables, and therefore more restricted types of randomization, such as the stratified permuted-block randomization, can be used.

Is There a Preferred Mode of Exercise for Cognition Enhancement in Older Age?-A Narrative Review.

The aim of this review is to examine the moderating effect of the mode of exercise on the exercise-cognition relationship. Is one mode of exercise more efficient in enhancing cognition than the other? For example, is aerobic exercise preferable over balance training? Based on official guidelines for old age, exercise modes include aerobic activity, strength (resistance) training, flexibility, balance, and coordination. In relation to cognition, these exercise modes are further divided into two categories: physical training-aerobic and strength, and motor training-balance, coordination, and flexibility.

Postural control and posture-unrelated attention control in advanced age-An exploratory study.

Objectives: The link between postural control and cognition is under-studied, especially in healthy older adults. In the present study, we examined the link between postural control and posture-unrelated attention control.

Study Design And Outcome Measures: Healthy individuals (n = 112) - men aged 77.

Population aging and migration - history and UN forecasts in the EU-28 and its east and south near neighborhood - one century perspective 1950-2050.

Background: There is a gap in knowledge on long term pace of population aging acceleration and related net-migration rate changes in WHO European Region and its adjacent MENA countries. We decided to compare European Union (EU-28) region with the EU Near Neighborhood Policy Region East and EU Near Neighborhood Policy Region South in terms of these two essential features of third demographic transition. One century long perspective dating back to both historical data and towards reliable future forecasts was observed.

The beneficial effects of different types of exercise interventions on motor and cognitive functions in older age: a systematic review.

The decline in cognitive and motor functions with age affects the performance of the aging healthy population in many daily life activities. Physical activity appears to mitigate this decline or even improve motor and cognitive abilities in older adults. The current systematic review will focus mainly on behavioral studies that look into the dual effects of different types of physical training (e.

Clinical Effects of a Commercial Supplement of Ophiocordyceps sinensis and Ganoderma lucidum on Cognitive Function of Healthy Young Volunteers.

Ophiocordyceps sinensis (= Cordyceps sinensis) and Ganoderma lucidum are medicinal mushrooms used in traditional Chinese medicine. The effects of O. sinensis and G.

Active and Healthy Lifestyle - Nationwide Programs in Israeli Schools.

The World Health Organization (WHO) announced the 'Global School Health Initiative' in 1995 following recommendations formulated in the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. Hence, the aims of the present study were to describe the various programs for nurturing an active and healthy lifestyle implemented during 2011-12 in schools in Israel, and to identify variables that may explain the success versus lack of success in implementing these programs. Participants were a nationwide representative sample of 126 school principals from six supervisory districts of the Ministry of Education, including six sectors, from the elementary, junior-high and senior-high school levels.

Balance Performance Is Task Specific in Older Adults.

Balance ability among the elderly is a key component in the activities of daily living and is divided into two types: static and dynamic. For clinicians who wish to assess the risk of falling among their elderly patients, it is unclear if more than one type of balance test can be used to measure their balance impairment. In this study, we examined the association between static balance measures and two dynamic balance field tests.

Correction: The effects of a resistance vs. an aerobic single session on attention and executive functioning in adults.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.