A Review on Maternal Parenting, Child's Growth Stunting, and Oral Health.

Stunting has gained global attention as one of the most critical problems in public health. As the first and dominant figure in a child's life, the mother is responsible for determining the proper parenting behaviors to apply to maintain the child's physical health. Stunting is often associated with early childhood caries (ECC) and molar incisor hypomineralization, which can be manifested into each other through various mechanisms.

Caries Experience among Children with History of Neonatal Stunting.

Objective:  Children with neonatal growth retardation (defined as birth length <48cm) are at risk for chronic malnutrition that begins before birth and continues into infancy. Stunting can adversely affect a child's growth and development, including oral health itself, and especially the experience of dental caries. This study analyzed the dental caries experience in children with neonatal growth retardation.

Neonatal stunting and early childhood caries: A mini-review.

The nutritional status of pregnant women greatly determines their newborn outcome. Deficiencies of several micronutrients are associated with stunting in early childhood, affecting health into adulthood. However, apart from the systemic disease that has been a concern so far, fetal undernutrition can also be associated with dental caries in a child's early life, especially since the primary teeth begin to form during the mother's gestation period.

Developing an Instrument to Measure Maternal Knowledge and Attitude of Oral Health on Children Under 3 Years.

Objective: Parental knowledge, belief, and attitude about oral health affect children's dental cleaning behavior. Further research on maternal knowledge and attitude about early-age children's oral health has been suggested to identify factors related to pediatric dental and oral health. For that purpose, a measurement instrument is needed.