GrandQC: A comprehensive solution to quality control problem in digital pathology.

Histological slides contain numerous artifacts that can significantly deteriorate the performance of image analysis algorithms. Here we develop the GrandQC tool for tissue and multi-class artifact segmentation. GrandQC allows for high-precision tissue segmentation (Dice score 0.

Digitalised primary care in the UK: a qualitative study of the experiences of minoritised ethnic communities.

Background: Barriers to accessing and using primary care services among minoritised ethnic communities have been extensively evidenced in the UK. However, the impact of the rapid digitalisation of these services on these communities remains under-researched.

Aim: To explore the impact of digitalisation on access to and use of primary care services among minoritised ethnic communities.

Enhancing early identification of high-fertile cattle females using infrared blood serum spectra and machine learning.

Artificial insemination (AI) success in bovine reproduction is vital for the cattle industry's economic sustainability and for advancing the understanding of reproductive physiology. Identify high-fertile animals' fertility is a complex task due to multifactorial traits, including hormonal, age-related, and body condition factors. Early high-fertility identification is crucial for timely interventions and enhancing AI success.

Neoadjuvant Cisplatin, Gemcitabine, and Docetaxel in Sarcomatoid Bladder Cancer: Clinical Activity and Whole Transcriptome Analysis.

Background: Sarcomatoid urothelial cancer of the bladder (SBC) is a rare, but aggressive histological subtype for which novel treatments are needed.

Objective: We evaluated the clinical activity and safety of neoadjuvant cisplatin plus gemcitabine plus docetaxel (CGD) in muscle-invasive patients with SBC and assessed SBC tumor biology by whole transcriptome RNA sequencing.

Methods: A single-institution, retrospective analysis of muscle-invasive SBC patients treated with neoadjuvant CGD with molecular analysis.

Enhancing Prostate Cancer Diagnosis: Artificial Intelligence-Driven Virtual Biopsy for Optimal Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Targeted Biopsy Approach and Gleason Grading Strategy.

An optimal approach to magnetic resonance imaging fusion targeted prostate biopsy (PBx) remains unclear (number of cores, intercore distance, Gleason grading [GG] principle). The aim of this study was to develop a precise pixel-wise segmentation diagnostic artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm for tumor detection and GG as well as an algorithm for virtual prostate biopsy that are used together to systematically investigate and find an optimal approach to targeted PBx. Pixel-wise AI algorithms for tumor detection and GG were developed using a high-quality, manually annotated data set (slides n = 442) after fast-track annotation transfer into segmentation style.

Oral Mucositis and Nutritional Status in Children Who Underwent Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: A Comparison Between Nonmalignant and Malignant Primary Diseases.

Background: There is a lack of studies analyzing the association between oral mucositis (OM) and nutritional imbalance in children during hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The aim of this study was to compare the risk factors for OM and nutritional imbalance during HSCT in pediatric patients with nonmalignant diseases (NMD) and malignant diseases (MD).

Methods: Data on age, sex, primary disease, transplantation type, conditioning regimen, GVHD prophylaxis, gastrointestinal toxicity, OM, percent body weight loss or gain, nutritional repositioning, and overall survival (OS) were retrospectively collected from the 132 medical records.

Molecular Pathology of Urothelial Carcinoma.

Urothelial carcinoma is characterized by the presence of a wide spectrum of histopathologic features and molecular alterations that contribute to its morphologic and genomic heterogeneity. It typically harbors high rates of somatic mutations with considerable genomic and transcriptional complexity and heterogeneity that is reflective of its varied histomorphologic and clinical features. This review provides an update on the recent advances in the molecular characterization and novel molecular taxonomy of urothelial carcinoma and variant histologies.

Association of Androgen Receptor and PD-L1 Expression in Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma.

Background/aim: The response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) or enfortumab vedotin is limited in patients with upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC), and the development of new targeted therapy for UTUC is eagerly needed. Several biomarkers, including programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), have already been reported as predictors of response to ICIs therapy for UTUC. Recently, several studies have shown that steroid hormone receptors, including the androgen receptor (AR), are associated with progression of urothelial carcinoma.

Prostate Cancer, Version 4.2023, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology.

The NCCN Guidelines for Prostate Cancer provide a framework on which to base decisions regarding the workup of patients with prostate cancer, risk stratification and management of localized disease, post-treatment monitoring, and treatment of recurrence and advanced disease. The Guidelines sections included in this article focus on the management of metastatic castration-sensitive disease, nonmetastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), and metastatic CRPC (mCRPC). Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) with treatment intensification is strongly recommended for patients with metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer.

Nested and Large Nested Subtypes of Urothelial Carcinoma of the Upper Urinary Tract: A Multi-institutional Study.

Nested urothelial carcinoma (NUC) and large nested urothelial carcinoma (LNUC) of the upper urinary tract are exceedingly rare. This has contributed to the paucity of information regarding their clinicopathological and molecular characteristics. To address this knowledge gap, we explored the largest cohort to date of these rare tumors, comprising resection specimens of 10 LNUC and 7 NUC, from 7 participating institutions.

Molecular Biomarkers With Potential Clinical Application in Testicular Cancer.

Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) and sex cord-stromal tumors (SCSTs) are the most common testicular neoplasms. The morphologic spectrum of such tumors is wide, with several histologic subtypes within each group. Testicular tumors often represent a diagnostic challenge, requiring proper identification of their biologic potential for accurate risk stratification and selection of therapy.

Proposal for a Novel Histological Scoring System as a Potential Grading Approach for Muscle-invasive Urothelial Bladder Cancer Correlating with Disease Aggressiveness and Patient Outcomes.

Background: Grading of muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) according to the current World Health Organization (WHO) criteria is controversial due to its limited prognostic value. All MIBC cases except a tiny minority are of high grade.

Objective: To develop a prognostic histological scoring system for MIBC integrating histomorphological phenotype, stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (sTILs), tumor budding, and growth and spreading patterns.

International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Consensus Conference on Current Issues in Bladder Cancer. Working Group 2: Grading of Mixed Grade, Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma Including Histologic Subtypes and Divergent Differentiations, and Non-Urothelial Carcinomas.

The 2022 International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Consensus Conference on Urinary Bladder Cancer Working Group 2 was tasked to provide evidence-based proposals on the applications of grading in noninvasive urothelial carcinoma with mixed grades, invasive urothelial carcinoma including subtypes (variants) and divergent differentiations, and in pure non-urothelial carcinomas. Studies suggested that predominantly low-grade noninvasive papillary urothelial carcinoma with focal high-grade component has intermediate outcome between low- and high-grade tumors. However, no consensus was reached on how to define a focal high-grade component.

Cannabidiol reduces lipopolysaccharide-induced nociception via endocannabinoid system activation.

Bacterial infections are often accompanied by fever and generalized muscle pain. However, the treatment of pain with an infectious aetiology has been overlooked. Thus, we investigated the impact of cannabidiol (CBD) in bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nociception.

Cannabidiol prevents chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain by modulating spinal TLR4 via endocannabinoid system activation.

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effect of cannabidiol (CBD) on type 4 Toll-like receptors (TLR4), glial cells and pro-inflammatory cytokines during the neuropathic pain induced by the chemotherapy agent paclitaxel (PTX), as well as the involvement of the endocannabinoid system in this process.

Methods: Male C57BL6 mice were subjected to PTX-induced neuropathic pain. To evaluate the involvement of the TLR4, glial cells and cannabinoid CB2 receptor, specific inhibitors or antagonists were intrathecally administered.

Identification of androgen response-related lncRNAs in prostate cancer.

Background: Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are RNA molecules with over 200 nucleotides that do not code for proteins, but are known to be widely expressed and have key roles in gene regulation and cellular functions. They are also found to be involved in the onset and development of various cancers, including prostate cancer (PCa). Since PCa are commonly driven by androgen regulated signaling, mainly stimulated pathways, identification and determining the influence of lncRNAs in androgen response is useful and necessary.

Synergistic effect of cannabidiol and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on neuropathic and inflammatory pain in mice.

Objectives: Pain is the most common cause of seeking healthcare and the leading cause of disability worldwide. Although cannabidiol and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) are effective and safe strategies for treating chronic pain, the combined effect of these interventions remains overlooked. To compare the isolated and combined effect of cannabidiol and TENS in the treatment of experimental neuropathic and inflammatory pain.

News in the classification of WHO 2022 bladder tumors.

The fifth-edition of World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Tumors series for urinary and male genital tract tumors has been published, six years later the fourth-edition. In these years, new treatment approaches have been implemented and new molecular data on urological cancers are known. Morphology remains the groundwork for taxonomy of the urinary tract tumors.

NCCN Guidelines® Insights: Prostate Cancer, Version 1.2023.

The NCCN Guidelines for Prostate Cancer address staging and risk assessment after a prostate cancer diagnosis and include management options for localized, regional, recurrent, and metastatic disease. The NCCN Prostate Cancer Panel meets annually to reevaluate and update their recommendations based on new clinical data and input from within NCCN Member Institutions and from external entities. These NCCN Guidelines Insights summarizes much of the panel's discussions for the 4.

WHO 2022 classification of penile and scrotal cancers: updates and evolution.

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common malignant tumour of the penis. The 2022 WHO classification reinforces the 2016 classification and subclassifies precursor lesions and tumours into human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated and HPV-independent types. HPV-associated penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PeIN) is a precursor lesion of invasive HPV- associated SCC, whereas differentiated PeIN is a precursor lesion of HPV-independent SCC.