Dual-Channel Stopped-Flow Apparatus for Simultaneous Fluorescence, Anisotropy, and FRET Kinetic Data Acquisition for Binary and Ternary Biological Complexes.

The Stopped-Flow apparatus (SF) tracks molecular events by mixing the reactants in sub-millisecond regimes. The reaction of intrinsically or extrinsically labeled biomolecules can be monitored by recording the fluorescence, (), anisotropy, (), polarization, (), or FRET, (), traces at nanomolar concentrations. These kinetic measurements are critical to elucidate reaction mechanisms, structural information, and even thermodynamics.