Comparative study between chemostat and batch reactors to quantify membrane permeability changes on bacteria exposed to silver nanoparticles.

Continuous and batch reactors were used to assess the effect of the exposure of casein-coated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on Escherichia coli (E. coli). Additionally, E.

State requirements for physician emergency medical services providers.

Objective: To describe requirements of physicians wishing to function as primary field emergency medical services (EMS) providers and variation of these requirements among states.

Methods: A simple mailed survey was developed and distributed to all 50 U.S.