Propranolol treatment prevents chronic central sensitization induced by repeated dural stimulation.

Migraine is currently conceptualized as a chronic disease with episodic manifestations. In some patients, migraine attack frequency increases, leading to chronic migraine. Daily preventive therapy is initiated to decrease attack frequency.

General trigeminospinal central sensitization and impaired descending pain inhibitory controls contribute to migraine progression.

Migraine is a chronic disease with episodic manifestations. In a subgroup, attack frequency increases over time, leading to chronic migraine. One of the most important risk factors for migraine progression is frequency of headache attacks at baseline.

Personality, space use and tick load in an introduced population of Siberian chipmunks Tamias sibiricus.

1. Although behaviours can contribute to the heterogeneity in parasite load among hosts, links between consistent individual differences in behaviour and parasitic infection have received little attention. We investigated the role of host activity and exploration on hard tick infestations of marked individuals in a population of Siberian chipmunks Tamias sibiricus introduced in a suburban French forest over 3 years.