Sex differences in clinical presentation, treatment response, and side effects of nutritional therapy among patients at nutritional risk: a secondary analysis of the randomized clinical trial EFFORT.

Background: Considering sex-specific factors has become an increasingly recognized area for research and practice, in the field of clinical nutrition, there is insufficient evidence regarding differences in clinical presentation, treatment response, and side effects of nutritional therapy among female and male patients.

Objectives: We hypothesized that the clinical presentation, response to nutritional therapy, and side effects from the intervention would differ in the two sexes.

Methods: This secondary analysis investigated differences among female and male patients at risk for malnutrition regarding initial presentation, clinical outcomes, and treatment response in patients included in the Effect of Early Nutritional Support on Frailty, Functional Outcomes, and Recovery of Malnourished Medical Inpatients Trial (EFFORT), a randomized controlled trial comparing individualized nutritional support to usual care.

[Formula diets for weight loss - chances and challenges].

Formula diets, through the use of industrially manufactured meal replacement products, lead to effective and rapid weight reduction and improvement in obesity-associated comorbidities. The specific composition of these meal replacement products simplifies the adherence to calorie goals and ensures the supply of essential nutrients during significant energy restriction. Despite numerous potential applications, evidence from randomized controlled studies, and simplicity in practical implementation, challenges persist.