Biomechanical comparison of different fixation methods in tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis: a cadaver study.

Background: Various fixation methods are available for tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis: nail, plate, or screws. An intramedullary bone stabilization system within a balloon catheter has not previously been used in tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis. The aim of this study was to compare the stability of these techniques.

Morphological, ultrastructural, genetic characteristics and remarkably low prevalence of macroscopic species isolated from sheep and goats in Kurdistan region, Iraq.

Introduction: is a genus of cyst-forming parasites that infest both humans and livestock. Some parasites cause clinical and subclinical diseases in their hosts, resulting in economic losses.

Methods: Esophagus, diaphragm, and skeletal muscle from slaughtered sheep and goats were examined macroscopically, microscopically, and ultrastructurally and subjected to DNA analysis.

Treadmill training of rats after sciatic nerve graft does not alter accuracy of muscle reinnervation.

Background And Purpose: After peripheral nerve lesions, surgical reconstruction facilitates axonal regeneration and motor reinnervation. However, functional recovery is impaired by aberrant reinnervation.

Materials And Methods: We tested whether training therapy by treadmill exercise (9 × 250 m/week) before (run-idle), after (idle-run), or both before and after (run-run) sciatic nerve graft improves the accuracy of reinnervation in rats.

Treatment With Nimodipine or FK506 After Facial Nerve Repair Neither Improves Accuracy of Reinnervation Nor Recovery of Mimetic Function in Rats.

Purpose: Nimodipine and FK506 (Tacrolimus) are drugs that have been reported to accelerate peripheral nerve regeneration. We therefore tested these substances aiming to improve the final functional outcome of motoric reinnervation after facial nerve injury.

Methods: In 18 female rats, the transected facial nerve was repaired by an artificial nerve conduit.

Angiotensin II type 1 receptor localizes at the blood-bile barrier in humans and pigs.

Animal models and clinical studies suggest an influence of angiotensin II (AngII) on the pathogenesis of liver diseases via the renin-angiotensin system. AngII application increases portal blood pressure, reduces bile flow, and increases permeability of liver tight junctions. Establishing the subcellular localization of angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1R), the main AngII receptor, helps to understand the effects of AngII on the liver.

Caldesmon ablation in mice causes umbilical herniation and alters contractility of fetal urinary bladder smooth muscle.

The actin-, myosin-, and calmodulin-binding protein caldesmon (CaD) is expressed in two splice isoforms: h-CaD, which is an integral part of the actomyosin domain of smooth muscle cells, and l-CaD, which is widely expressed and is involved in many cellular functions. Despite extensive research for many years, CaD's in vivo function has remained elusive. To explore the role of CaD in smooth muscle contraction in vivo, we generated a mutant allele that ablates both isoforms.

Ultrastructural characterization of mitochondrial damage in experimental autoimmune neuritis.

Data are sparse about mitochondrial damage in GBS and in its most frequently employed animal model, experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN). We here characterized changes in mitochondrial content and morphology at different time points during EAN by use of ultrastructural imaging and immunofluorescent labelling. Histological examination revealed that demyelinated axons and their adjacent Schwann cells showed reduced mitochondrial content and remaining mitochondria appeared swollen with greater diameter in Schwann cells and unmyelinated axons.

Direct, gabapentin-insensitive interaction of a soluble form of the calcium channel subunit αδ-1 with thrombospondin-4.

The αδ-1 subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels binds to gabapentin and pregabalin, mediating the analgesic action of these drugs against neuropathic pain. Extracellular matrix proteins from the thrombospondin (TSP) family have been identified as ligands of αδ-1 in the CNS. This interaction was found to be crucial for excitatory synaptogenesis and neuronal sensitisation which in turn can be inhibited by gabapentin, suggesting a potential role in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain.

Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Inhibit Natural Killer Cell Function in Pancreatic Cancer.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal malignancies. Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) induce pre-metastatic niche formation to promote metastasis. We isolated EVs from a highly-metastatic pancreatic cancer cell line and patient-derived primary cancer cells by ultracentrifugation.

Kyphoplasty of Osteoporotic Fractured Vertebrae: A Finite Element Analysis about Two Types of Cement.

If conservative treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures fails, vertebro- or kyphoplasty is indicated. Usually, polymethylmethacrylate cement (PMMA) is applied coming along with many disadvantageous features. Aluminum-free glass-polyalkenoate cement (GPC) appears to be a benefit alternative material.

The radial head size in relation to osseous landmarks of the forearm.

Purpose: Radial head fractures are regularly treated with radial head arthroplasty. To prevent limited motion or pain, the implant's size should match its normal anatomy. Preoperative estimation of the radial head size helps in finding the correct head component.

Recommendations of the working group of the Anatomische Gesellschaft on reduction of formaldehyde exposure in anatomical curricula and institutes.

The practice of human and veterinary medicine is based on the science of anatomy and dissection courses are still irreplaceable in the teaching of anatomy. Embalming is required to preserve body donors, for which process formaldehyde (FA) is the most frequently used and well characterized biocidal substance. Since January 2016, a new occupational exposure limit (OEL) for FA of 0.

Insertional anatomy of the anterior medial collateral ligament on the sublime tubercle of the elbow.

Background: Acute injuries to the anterior medial collateral ligament (AMCL) can occur due to valgus trauma or during other dislocating events to the elbow. AMCL lesions are often associated with bony lesions, such as radial head fractures or fractures of the coronoid process. We analyzed the insertion of the AMCL on the sublime tubercle in relation to surrounding osseous structures.

Biomechanical comparison of conventional versus modified technique in distal chevron osteotomies of the first metatarsal: A cadaver study.

Background: Distal chevron osteotomy can be performed using a conventional or a modified technique. The aim of this biomechanical study was to compare the stability of the two techniques.

Methods: Eighteen first metatarsals from nine pairs of fresh frozen human cadaver feet were used.

Glass -polyalkenoate cement: An alternative material for kyphoplasty in osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures - An ex vivo study.

Adjacent vertebral body fracture is described as a risk after vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty. It may be true that this phenomenon is caused precisely because of the frequently used polymethylmethacrylate cement (PMMA), which shows a higher level of stiffness than bone material and may ultimately lead to shifting stress levels within the entire spine. The goal of the present study was to evaluate and compare the pressure distribution in the endplate of human vertebrae after kyphoplasty with PMMA and aluminum-free glass-polyalkenoate cement (gpc).

The β Integrin Mac-1 Induces Protective LC3-Associated Phagocytosis of Listeria monocytogenes.

The intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes (L.m.) is targeted by the autophagic machinery, but the molecular mechanisms involved and consequences for anti-listerial immunity remain enigmatic.

Cav2.3 (R-Type) Calcium Channels are Critical for Mediating Anticonvulsive and Neuroprotective Properties of Lamotrigine In Vivo.

Background/aims: Lamotrigine (LTG) is a popular modern antiepileptic drug (AED), however, its mechanism of action has yet to be fully understood, as it is known to modulate many members of several ion channel families. In heterologous systems, LTG inhibits Cav2.3 (R-type) calcium currents, which contribute to kainic-acid- (KA) induced epilepsy in vivo.

Accuracy of 3D fluoro-navigated anterior transpedicular screws in the subaxial cervical spine: an experimental study on human specimens.

Introduction: Pedicle screw stabilization, the standard technique in the thoracic and lumbar spine, is increasingly used in the cervical spine. Initial studies on the use of anterior pedicle screws (ATPS) in the cervical spine have been recently published. ATPS use has theoretical advantages over posterior stabilization.

Kinesin-5 Blocker Monastrol Protects Against Bortezomib-Induced Peripheral Neurotoxicity.

Neurotoxicity is a relevant side effect of bortezomib treatment. Previous reports have shown that the development of peripheral neuropathy caused by anti-neoplastic agents may be a result of reduced axonal transport. Based on evidence from prior studies that the kinesin-5 inhibitor monastrol enhances axonal transport and improves neuronal regeneration, we focused on the neuroprotective role of monastrol during the chemotherapeutic treatment with bortezomib.

Radial shortening osteotomy reduces radiocapitellar contact pressures while preserving valgus stability of the elbow.

Purpose: Shortening osteotomy of the proximal radius might represent a potential salvage procedure in symptomatic radiocapitellar osteoarthritis, which could decrease radiocapitellar load while preserving the native radial head. In an in-vitro biomechanical investigation, we sought to determine whether shortening osteotomy of the proximal radius (1) decreases the radiocapitellar joint pressure upon axial loading and (2) retains valgus stability of the elbow. In addition, the anatomic configuration of the lesser sigmoid notch was evaluated to assess possible contraindications.

Depletion of Mitofusin-2 Causes Mitochondrial Damage in Cisplatin-Induced Neuropathy.

Sensory neuropathy is a relevant side effect of the antineoplastic agent cisplatin. Mitochondrial damage is assumed to play a critical role in cisplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy, but the pathomechanisms underlying cisplatin-induced mitotoxicity and neurodegeneration are incompletely understood. In an animal model of cisplatin-induced neuropathy, we determined in detail the extent and spatial distribution of mitochondrial damage during cisplatin treatment.

[The bare area of the proximal ulna : An anatomical study on optimizing olecranon osteotomy].

Background: Olecranon osteotomy is an established approach for the treatment of distal humerus fractures. It should be performed through the bare area of the proximal ulna to avoid iatrogenic cartilage lesions.

Objectives: The goal of this study was to analyze the anatomy of the proximal ulna with regard to the bare area and, thereby, to optimize the hitting area of the bare area when performing olecranon osteotomy.

[Lateral ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction : A biomechanical analysis of posterolateral rotatory instability of the elbow].

Background: Chronic posterolateral rotatory instability (PLRI) of the elbow is the result of an insufficiency of the lateral collateral ligament (LCL). Lateral ulnar collateral ligament (LUCL) reconstruction represents a well-established treatment method for PLRI. However, recurrent instability remains a problem.

[Proximal carpal row carpectomy].

Objective: Resection of the proximal carpal row, termed proximal row carpectomy (PRC), is performed in order to treat pathologies of the proximal carpal row or radiocarpal joint between the scaphoid and scaphoid facet. It entails the articulation of the capitate and the lunate facet.

Indications: Lunate necrosis, carpal collapse, joint infection with concomitant intercarpal ligament lesions.