The Future of Sleep Staging, Revisited.

In 1996, I published a paper entitled "The Future of Sleep Staging". At this time, paper and ink records were the standard way of recording sleep records. Computerised systems had only recently become commercially available.

Dissociating effects of global SWS disruption and healthy aging on waking performance and daytime sleepiness.

Study Objective: To contrast the effects of slow wave sleep (SWS) disruption and age on daytime functioning.

Design: Daytime functioning was contrasted in three age cohorts, across two parallel 4-night randomized groups (baseline, two nights of SWS disruption or control, recovery sleep).

Setting: Sleep research laboratory.

Standard procedures for adults in accredited sleep medicine centres in Europe.

The present paper describes standardized procedures within clinical sleep medicine. As such, it is a continuation of the previously published European guidelines for the accreditation of sleep medicine centres and European guidelines for the certification of professionals in sleep medicine, aimed at creating standards of practice in European sleep medicine. It is also part of a broader action plan of the European Sleep Research Society, including the process of accreditation of sleep medicine centres and certification of sleep medicine experts, as well as publishing the Catalogue of Knowledge and Skills for sleep medicine experts (physicians, non-medical health care providers, nurses and technologists), which will be a basis for the development of relevant educational curricula.

Acute sleep deprivation: the effects of the AMPAKINE compound CX717 on human cognitive performance, alertness and recovery sleep.

AMPA receptor modulation is a potential novel approach to enhance cognitive performance. CX717 is a positive allosteric modulator of the AMPA receptor that has shown efficacy in rodent and primate cognition models. CX717 (100 mg, 300 mg and 1000 mg) and placebo were studied in 16 healthy male volunteers (18-45 years) in a randomized, crossover study.

Age-related reduction in daytime sleep propensity and nocturnal slow wave sleep.

Objective: To investigate whether age-related and experimental reductions in SWS and sleep continuity are associated with increased daytime sleep propensity.

Methods: Assessment of daytime sleep propensity under baseline conditions and following experimental disruption of SWS. Healthy young (20-30 y, n = 44), middle-aged (40-55 y, n = 35) and older (66-83 y, n = 31) men and women, completed a 2-way parallel group study.

European guidelines for the certification of professionals in sleep medicine: report of the task force of the European Sleep Research Society.

In recent years, sleep medicine has evolved into a full-grown discipline, featuring a multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis and treatment of patients with sleep disorders. Sleep medicine cuts across the boundaries of different conventional disciplines and is therefore open to medical and non-medical professionals with different specialty backgrounds. The aim of the current paper is to introduce a qualification for those professionals whose main occupation is to practice sleep medicine in the setting of a sleep medicine centre.

Exploring the interdependence of couples' rest-wake cycles: an actigraphic study.

Within western societies, it is commonplace for couples to share a bed. Yet there has been remarkably little research carried out on couples' sleep. This paper draws upon actigraphy, audio diary, and questionnaire data from both partners of 36 heterosexual couples (age 20-59 yrs) and aims to quantify the extent to which it is important to take into account the dyadic nature of sleep-wake cycles.

Benzodiazepine-induced reduction in activity mirrors decrements in cognitive and psychomotor performance.

Objective: To assess whether actigraphy is sensitive to benzodiazepine-induced changes in cognitive and psychomotor performance and sleep.

Methods: Healthy young volunteers (n = 23; 11 males), were randomised to a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Actigraphy was used to record motor activity continuously.

Sleep profiles and mood states during an expedition to the South Pole.

Objective: To study sleep parameters and mood profiles of a female explorer traveling solo and unaided to the South Pole during the winter.

Methods: During the 44-day expedition, global activity and sleep were assessed using a wrist actigraph (AW) worn on the nondominant wrist. Mood was assessed using an adapted Profile of Mood States questionnaire.

A double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation of the residual psychomotor and cognitive effects of zolpidem-MR in healthy elderly volunteers.

Aim: To assess residual psychomotor and cognitive effects of a modified-release formulation of zolpidem (zolpidem-MR), developed to provide sustained hypnotic efficacy during the whole night, compared with placebo and flurazepam.

Methods: Twenty-four healthy elderly volunteers received four study treatments (zolpidem-MR 6.25 mg and 12.

Allergy medication in Japanese volunteers: treatment effect of single doses on nocturnal sleep architecture and next day residual effects.

Objectives: To evaluate the acute effects of two histamine H(1)-receptor antagonists on nocturnal sleep architecture and on next day cognitive function and psychomotor performance.

Methods: This was a single-site, randomized, double-blind, 3-way crossover study, comparing the effects of a single dose of chlorpheniramine (6 mg), fexofenadine (120 mg) and placebo in 18 healthy (male and female) Japanese volunteers aged 20-55 years. Volunteers were resident for 3 days and each period was separated by a minimum 5-day washout period.

A double-blind study in healthy volunteers to assess the effects on sleep of pregabalin compared with alprazolam and placebo.

Study Objectives: To assess the effects of pregabalin compared with alprazolam and placebo on aspects of sleep in healthy volunteers.

Design: Randomized, double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled, 3-way crossover.

Setting: Single research center.

Acute sleep responses in a normobaric hypoxic tent.

Purpose: Sleeping in a hypoxic environment is becoming increasingly popular among athletes attempting to simulate a "live high, train low" training regime. The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effects (one night) of sleeping in a normobaric hypoxic tent (NH) (PO(2) = 110 mm Hg approximately 2500 m) upon markers of sleep physiology and quality, compared with sleep in a normal ambient environment (BL) (PO(2) = 159 mm Hg approximately sea level) and sleep in a normobaric normoxic tent (NN) (PO(2) = 159 mm Hg).

Methods: Eight male recreational athletes (age 34.

A double-blind, randomized, 26-week study comparing the cognitive and psychomotor effects and efficacy of 75 mg (37.5 mg b.i.d.) venlafaxine and 75 mg (25 mg mane, 50 mg nocte) dothiepin in elderly patients with moderate major depression being treated in general practice.

To investigate the efficacy and cognitive and psychomotor effects of venlafaxine and dothiepin in elderly patients with moderate major depression. A prospective, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, active comparator controlled study was conducted. Eighty-eight patients (aged > or = 60 years) were enrolled.

Actigraphy in human psychopharmacology: a review.

Over the last 25 years wrist actigraphy has predominantly been used in sleep research and chronobiology where the technique has proved useful in the measurement of sleep and the characterisation of the sleep/wake cycle. Whilst there are a large number of studies published that have used actigraphy, there have only been relatively few studies that have shown that the technique is capable of measuring drug-induced changes in nocturnal and/or diurnal behaviour. Thus the use of actigraphy to measure drug effects in clinical trials has up till now remained on the periphery of psychopharmacology.

Residual effects of zaleplon and zolpidem following middle of the night administration five hours to one hour before awakening.

The objective was to assess residual effects of zaleplon and zolpidem after a middle of the night administration. This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study, conducted in 40 healthy young male and female subjects. Subjects were awakened in the middle of the night and administered either placebo or zaleplon 10 or 20 mg or zolpidem 10 mg.