Children and adolescents with all forms of shoulder instability demonstrate differences in their movement and muscle activity patterns when compared to age- and sex-matched controls.

Hypothesis And Background: Shoulder instability (SI) is a complex impairment, and identifying biomarkers that differentiate subgroups is challenging. Children and adolescents with SI (irrespective of etiology) have differences in their movement and muscle activity profiles compared to age- and sex-matched controls (2-tailed). There are limited fundamental movement and muscle activity data for identifying different mechanisms for SI in children and adolescents that can inform subgrouping and treatment allocation.

The effects of surgical lengthening of hamstring muscles in children with cerebral palsy--the consequences of pre-operative muscle length measurement.

Children with cerebral palsy often undergo multiple orthopaedic surgical procedures in a single episode. Evidence of the effectiveness of individual components within the overall package is sparse. The introduction of musculoskeletal modelling in Oswestry has led to a more conservative management approach being taken with hamstring muscles for children walking in a degree of crouch.

Abnormal loading of the major joints in knee osteoarthritis and the response to knee replacement.

Knee osteoarthritis is common and patients frequently complain that they are 'overloading' the joints of the opposite leg when they walk. However, it is unknown whether moments or co-contractions are abnormal in the unaffected joints of patients with single joint knee osteoarthritis, or how they change following treatment of the affected knee. Twenty patients with single joint medial compartment knee osteoarthritis were compared to 20 asymptomatic control subjects.

The combined effect of Dynamic splinting and Neuromuscular electrical stimulation in reducing wrist and elbow contractures in six children with Cerebral palsy.

The aim of this pilot study was to investigate the feasibility of applying the combination of Dynamic splinting (DS) and Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) in order to improve wrist and elbow function, and range of motion, in children with upper limb contractures due to Cerebral palsy (CP). Six children aged seven to 16, with contractures at the wrist or elbow, were recruited. Following a 12-week baseline period all participants underwent a 12-week treatment period where DS was used for one hour per day and combined with NMES for the second half of the 1-h treatment.

An exploration of the function of the triceps surae during normal gait using functional electrical stimulation.

Gastrocnemius and soleus have a common tendon and both are active during stance phase, where they are thought to arrest and control tibial advance. Soleus is associated with the production of an extending moment at the knee. The two-joint gastrocnemius, which crosses the knee joint, will have an additional contribution to the knee flexors.

Development of an instrumented pole test for use as a gait laboratory quality check.

Gait analysis is becoming an increasingly common procedure in the diagnosis of movement disorders. Core equipment includes 3D tracking cameras and force platforms. Important clinical decisions are made with the assistance of gait data, therefore it is essential to have confidence in its quality.

Sequential metatarsal fatigue fractures secondary to abnormal foot biomechanics.

Sequential fatigue fractures of the fourth, second, and third metatarsals in the same foot are reported for a military aviator in the absence of abnormal stresses or underlying bone disease. The likely etiological factor is altered foot biomechanics, as identified in pedobarographic assessment. We have reviewed the literature regarding multiple metatarsal stress fractures.

Effect of functional electrical stimulation, applied during walking, on gait in spastic cerebral palsy.

This study investigated the effect of functional electrical stimulation (FES), applied during walking, on the gait of children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP). Eight children (five males, three females; mean age 13y 2mo, SD 2y 2m; range 8y 11mo to 17y 6mo) diagnosed with diplegic (n=6) or hemiplegic (n=2) spastic CP completed the study. All participants were ambulant.

Functional electric stimulation to augment partial weight-bearing supported treadmill training for patients with acute incomplete spinal cord injury: A pilot study.

Objective: To study the application of partial weight-bearing (PWB) supported treadmill gait training augmented by functional electric stimulation (FES) in subjects with acute incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI).

Design: Before-after crossover trial with control (A) and intervention (B) periods.

Setting: Physiotherapy (PT) department of a spinal injuries unit in Scotland.