When it comes to assessing the impact of e-cigarettes, estimates of device prevalence matter: the BIDI Stick disposable device.

Background: While e-cigarettes have been identified as an effective means of tobacco harm reduction, the degree to which these devices will realise their harm reduction potential will be determined in large part by how available these products are to adults who smoke. One of the key factors determining that availability is the regulatory regime around these products. Within the US e-cigarettes have become the most commonly used tobacco product by middle and high school students, with disposable e-cigarettes now the most popular type of device used by youth.

The Adult JUUL Switching and Smoking Trajectories (ADJUSST) Study: Methods and Analysis of Loss-to-Follow-up.

The Adult JUUL System User Switching and Smoking Trajectories (ADJUSST) study assessed the smoking and JUUL use trajectories of adults who purchased JUUL. In this paper, we describe study methods, characterize the sample, and assesses potential for bias due to loss to follow-up. We entered 55,414 US adults (≥ age 21) who purchased a JUUL Starter Kit for the first time (online or at retail) in 2018 into a naturalistic, longitudinal observational study, irrespective of baseline smoking status.

Sources of youth access to JUUL vaping products in the United States.

Introduction: This study assessed sources of youth access to JUUL vaping products, the highest selling brand of the most commonly used tobacco product among adolescents in the United States.

Methods: A cross-sectional online survey assessed use of JUUL vaping products in a non-probability, nationally representative sample of 9865 adolescents aged 13-17 years in the United States. Past 30-day JUUL users (n = 1537) were asked how they got the JUUL vaping products they had used in the past 30-days.

Factors associated with past 30-day abstinence from cigarette smoking in adult established smokers who used a JUUL vaporizer for 6 months.

Background: JUUL is the fastest growing and highest selling brand of e-cigarette/vapor products in the USA. Assessing the effect of JUUL vapor products on adult smokers' use of conventional tobacco cigarettes can help inform the potential population health impact of these products.

Methods: Participants were 15,456 US adult established current smokers aged 21 years who had purchased their first JUUL Starter Kit from a retail store or online within the past 7 days.

Harm and Addiction Perceptions of the JUUL E-Cigarette Among Adolescents.

Introduction: This study assessed adolescents' harm and addiction perceptions of the highest-selling brand-JUUL-of the most commonly used tobacco product-electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes)-among adolescents in the United States.

Methods: A cross-sectional online survey assessed use and perceptions of the harmfulness and addictiveness of the JUUL e-cigarette and conventional tobacco cigarettes in a nationally representative sample of 9865 adolescents aged 13-17 years in the United States. Associations between adolescents' harm and addiction perceptions and their use of a JUUL e-cigarette were examined through multinomial logistic regression models.

Capital depreciation: The lack of recovery capital and post-release support for prisoners leaving the Drug Recovery Wings in England and Wales.

Background: This article draws on the evaluation of the pilot Drug Recovery Wings (DRWs), which were introduced ten prisons in England and Wales, with the intention of delivering abstinence-focused drug recovery services. The DRW pilots can be seen as representing the extension of the recovery paradigm - so prevalent elsewhere in UK drug policy - to the prison system. This study aimed to provide a detailed account of DRW prisoners' expectations and experiences in the transition from prison to the community and explore the potential for 'doing recovery' in prison and on release.

Prevalence of Awareness and Use of JUUL E-cigarettes in a National Probability Sample of Adolescents in the United States.

In this study, we estimate the prevalence of awareness and use of the JUUL e-ciga- rette among adolescents in the United States (US). We conducted a cross-sectional, self-report online survey between September 21 and October 3, 2018 that assessed awareness and use of JUUL e-cigarettes, other e-cigarettes, and combustible cigarettes in a national prob- ability sample of 1017 US adolescents aged 13-17 years. Approximately 45.

Factors associated with past 30-day abstinence from cigarette smoking in a non-probabilistic sample of 15,456 adult established current smokers in the United States who used JUUL vapor products for three months.

Background: JUUL is the fastest growing and highest selling brand of e-cigarette/vapor products in the USA. Assessing the effect of JUUL vapor products on adult smokers' use of conventional tobacco cigarettes can help inform the potential population health impact of these products.

Methods: Online surveys assessed past 30-day use of conventional cigarettes, JUUL vapor products, and other e-cigarettes/vapor products, monthly for 3 months, in a non-probabilistic sample of 15,456 US adults (21+ years).

The Value of Providing Smokers with Free E-Cigarettes: Smoking Reduction and Cessation Associated with the Three-Month Provision to Smokers of a Refillable Tank-Style E-Cigarette.

Despite the uptake of tobacco smoking declining in the United Kingdom (UK), smoking is still the leading cause of preventable poor health and premature death. While improved approaches to smoking cessation are necessary, encouraging and assisting smokers to switch by using substantially less toxic non-tobacco nicotine products may be a possible option. To date, few studies have investigated the rates of smoking cessation and smoking reduction that are associated with the provision of free electronic-cigarettes (e-cigarettes) to smokers.

Changing patterns of first e-cigarette flavor used and current flavors used by 20,836 adult frequent e-cigarette users in the USA.

Background: Understanding the role that flavors play in the population's use of e-cigarettes and the impact that flavored e-cigarette products have on the population's use of more harmful tobacco products, like conventional cigarettes, has been identified by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a public health research priority. The purpose of the study was to assess the first e-cigarette flavor and current e-cigarette flavors used by a large non-probabilistic sample of adult frequent users of e-cigarettes in the USA and assess how flavor preferences vary by cigarette smoking status and time since first e-cigarette purchase.

Methods: An online survey assessed the first e-cigarette flavor and current e-cigarette flavors used by a non-probabilistic sample of 20,836 adult frequent e-cigarette users in the USA.

Change and Continuity in Vaping and Smoking by Young People: A Qualitative Case Study of A Friendship Group.

This paper reports a qualitative case study of a small friendship group ( = 8) in Glasgow, Scotland. Interviewed twice at six months apart, these 16 to 17 year olds reported a substantial change in their use of and attitudes towards e-cigarettes and tobacco. At time 1, vaping generated much excitement and interest, with six out of eight individuals having their own vape device.

Advice From Former-Smoking E-Cigarette Users to Current Smokers on How to Use E-Cigarettes as Part of an Attempt to Quit Smoking.

Introduction: Substitution of e-cigarettes for tobacco smoking has the potential to prevent almost all the harm caused by smoking. Identifying strategies that may increase smokers' capability, opportunity and motivation to use e-cigarettes in place of tobacco cigarettes is vital. Former smokers who have successfully used e-cigarettes to quit smoking may be especially well qualified to increase current smokers' interest in switching and ability to switch to e-cigarettes.

Why Don't More Smokers Switch to Using E-Cigarettes: The Views of Confirmed Smokers.

Whilst e-cigarettes have been characterised by Public Health England as being around 95% less harmful than combustible tobacco products, only a minority of current smokers (around 16% within the UK) are using these devices. In this paper we report the results of an online survey of 650 smokers in contact with a smokers' rights group in the UK. A total of 91% of the smokers surveyed were smoking on a daily basis.

Conspicuous by their abstinence: The limited engagement of heroin users in English and Welsh Drug Recovery Wings.

Background: In recent years, an abstinence-focused, 'recovery' agenda has emerged in UK drug policy, largely in response to the perception that many opioid users had been 'parked indefinitely' on opioid substitution therapy (OST). The introduction of ten pilot 'Drug Recovery Wings' (DRWs) in 2011 represents the application of this recovery agenda to prisons. This paper describes the DRWs' operational models, the place of opiate dependent prisoners within them, and the challenges of delivering 'recovery' in prison.

The Impact of Misuse and Diversion of Opioid Substitution Treatment Medicines: Evidence Review and Expert Consensus.

Background/aims: Opioid substitution treatment (OST) improves outcomes in opioid dependence. However, controlled drugs used in treatment may be misused or diverted, resulting in negative treatment outcomes. This review defines a framework to assess the impact of misuse and diversion.

Tobacco plain packaging: Evidence based policy or public health advocacy?

In December 2012, Australia became the first country to require all tobacco products be sold solely in standardised or 'plain' packaging, bereft of the manufacturers' trademarked branding and colours, although retaining large graphic and text health warnings. Following the publication of Sir Cyril Chantler's review of the evidence on the effects of plain tobacco packaging, the Ministers of the United Kingdom Parliament voted in March 2015 to implement similar legislation. Support for plain packaging derives from the belief that tobacco products sold in plain packs have reduced appeal and so are more likely to deter young people and non-smokers from starting tobacco use, and more likely to motivate smokers to quit and stay quit.

Clear rhetoric and blurred reality: the development of a recovery focus in UK drug treatment policy and practice.

This paper looks at the transformation of UK drug treatment policy in the priority that is now being given to recovery. The paper explores the factors that helped shape that transformation and notes that in the main the influences were external to those directly involved in delivering drug treatment (research, politicians, media, think tanks) and that whilst the combined influence of these elements succeeded in reframing policy, it has left the realm of drug treatment service delivery unclear in a number of key areas including: determining how long drug users should remain in treatment; avoiding relapse; relations between professional drug workers and peer supporters; and meeting the diverse needs of drug users including those who are not seeking to become drug free. The paper concludes by considering what kind of initiatives and mechanisms may be needed to ensure a closer alignment between policy and practice within the drug treatment sphere.

Medically assisted recovery from opiate dependence within the context of the UK drug strategy: methadone and Suboxone (buprenorphine-naloxone) patients compared.

The focus of drug policy in the UK has shifted markedly in the past 5 years to move beyond merely emphasising drug abstinence towards maximising individuals' opportunities for recovery. The UK government continues to recognise the prescribing of narcotic medications indicated for opiate dependence as a key element of these individuals' recovery journey. This article describes a small, naturalistic comparison of the efficacy of the two most commonly prescribed opiate substitute medications in the UK--methadone hydrochloride (methadone oral solution) and Suboxone (buprenorphine-naloxone sublingual tablets)--for reducing current heroin users' (n = 34) days of heroin use, and preventing short-term abstainers (n = 37) from relapsing to regular heroin use.

Challenges of reliability and validity in the identification and monitoring of emerging drug trends.

There is increasing pressure on drug monitoring systems to achieve earlier detection and greater precision in reporting of emerging drug use trends. Such systems typically operate in settings where government interest and the drug use trends themselves can be fluid. To achieve the goal of informing timely policy and practice responses in this environment, drug use monitoring systems must be flexible and responsive, as well as reliable and valid.

Contribution of problem drug users' deaths to excess mortality in Scotland: secondary analysis of cohort study.

Objectives: To examine the "Scottish effect"-namely, the growing divergence between mortality in Scotland and England that is not explained by national differences in levels of deprivation-and, more specifically, to examine the extent to which the Scottish effect is explained by cross national differences in the prevalence of problem drug use.

Design: Secondary analysis of cohort study (the DORIS study).

Participants: 1033 Scottish drug users recruited to the cohort study in 33 drug treatment facilities across Scotland in 2001-2 and followed up 33 months later in 2004-5.

Drug driving and the management of risk: the perspectives and practices of a sample of problem drug users.

This paper reports on a qualitative study of the attitudes and risk management strategies of a sample of problem drug users in relation to driving while under the influence of drugs. Interviews were conducted with 26 individuals (21 men and 5 women) all of whom had been addicted to heroin and had admitted to driving while under the influence of illegal drugs. The drug users reported four main strategies for managing the risks associated with drug driving: attempting to limit their drug intake to their tolerance level; delaying driving after taking a drug until they felt safe; stopping driving if they felt unsafe while behind the wheel; and avoiding driving altogether under the influence of certain drugs.

Should heroin be prescribed to heroin misusers? No.

Some heroin addicts are very difficult to treat. and believe that maintenance with heroin is the way forward for this group, but argues that it is treating the effects of misuse not the addiction