Fuel accumulation shapes post-fire fuel decomposition through soil heating effects on plants, fungi, and soil chemistry.

Forty percent of terrestrial ecosystems require recurrent fires driven by feedbacks between fire and plant fuels. The accumulation of fine fuels in these ecosystems play a key role in fire intensity, which alters soil nutrients and shapes soil microbial and plant community responses to fire. Changes to post-fire plant fuel production are well known to feed back to future fires, but post-fire decomposition of new fuels is poorly understood.

The Impact of Intravenous Ketamine on Attentional Bias: Probing Mechanisms of Rapid-Acting Antidepressant Effects in Two Clinical Studies.

Background: Ketamine is known for its rapid antidepressant effect, but its impact on affective information processing (including attentional bias [AB], a putative cognitive mechanism of depression) remains largely unexplored. We leveraged a novel measurement of AB and sought to 1) establish adequate test-retest reliability and validity among participants with depression prior to ketamine treatment and 2) harness a single dose of ketamine to assess mechanistic shifts in AB and their relationship to antidepressant efficacy.

Methods: A novel dual probe video task was used to index AB toward sad film clips.

UK Foot and Ankle Thromboembolism (UK-FATE).

Aims: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a potential complication of foot and ankle surgery. There is a lack of agreement on contributing risk factors and chemical prophylaxis requirements. The primary outcome of this study was to analyze the 90-day incidence of symptomatic VTE and VTE-related mortality in patients undergoing foot and ankle surgery and Achilles tendon (TA) rupture.

Two-year trajectories of anhedonia in adolescents at transdiagnostic risk for severe mental illness: Association with clinical symptoms and brain-symptom links.

Anhedonia emerges during adolescence and is characteristic of severe mental illness (SMI). To understand how anhedonia emerges, changes with time, and relates with other symptoms, there is a need to understand patterns of this symptom's course reflecting change or stability-and associations with clinical symptoms and neural reward circuitry in adolescents at risk of SMI. In total, 113 adolescents at low or high familial risk of developing SMI completed clinical measures at up to five time points across 2 years and functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning during a guessing reward task at baseline.

Clinical, Electrophysiological, and Intraoperative Analysis and Postoperative Success of Revision Surgery for Persistent and Recurrent Carpal Tunnel Syndrome.

Background: This paper reviews the signs and symptoms of recurrent or persistent carpal tunnel syndrome and examines some of the causes of failed primary carpal tunnel release.

Methods: A retrospective review of the surgical findings and outcomes of 29 consecutive patients who underwent 30 revision carpal tunnel operations was performed. Patient outcomes were recorded at a minimum of 1 year postoperatively.

Hip Preservation and Capanna Reconstruction for Pediatric Proximal Femur Ewing Sarcoma: A Report of 2 Cases.

Case: This is a first report describing preservation of the femoral head by transcervical resection of proximal femoral Ewing sarcoma in 2 pediatric patients. A unique Capanna reconstruction supported joint salvage. At 1 year, Pediatric Outcomes Data Collection Instrument and Pediatric Toronto Extremity Salvage Score outcomes were excellent.

Pathways to adolescent social anxiety: Testing interactions between neural social reward function and perceived social threat in daily life.

Recent theories suggest that for youth highly sensitive to incentives, perceiving more social threat may contribute to social anxiety (SA) symptoms. In 129 girls (ages 11-13) oversampled for shy/fearful temperament, we thus examined how interactions between neural responses to social reward (vs. neutral) cues (measured during anticipation of peer feedback) and perceived social threat in daily peer interactions (measured using ecological momentary assessment) predict SA symptoms two years later.

Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in paediatric acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: A report from the multi-international clinical trial AIEOP-BFM ALL 2009.

Pneumocystis jirovecii can cause life-threatening pneumonia (PjP), and patients with haematological malignancies are at high risk of this infection. Prophylactic measures have significantly decreased morbidity and mortality, but there is a paucity of contemporary data on the incidence and clinical course of PjP in well-defined and homogenous patient populations, such as children suffering from acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). In the multi-international trial AIEOP-BFM ALL2009, PjP was diagnosed in six children (incidence 1/1000) and was associated with insufficient prophylaxis in five of them.

Altered Lateral Prefrontal Cortex Functioning During Emotional Interference Resistance Is Associated With Affect Lability in Adults With Persisting Symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder From Childhood.

Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention and/or impulsivity/hyperactivity. ADHD, especially when persisting into adulthood, often includes emotional dysregulation, such as affect lability; however, the neural correlates of emotionality in adults with heterogeneous ADHD symptom persistence remain unclear.

Methods: The present study sought to determine shared and distinct functional neuroanatomical profiles of neural circuitry during emotional interference resistance using the emotional face n-back task in adult participants with persisting (n = 47), desisting (n = 93), or no (n = 42) childhood ADHD symptoms while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging.

Continuous theta burst stimulation to dorsomedial prefrontal cortex in young adults with depression: Changes in resting frontostriatal functional connectivity relevant to positive mood.

Depression is associated with diminished positive affect (PA), postulated to reflect frontostriatal reward circuitry disruptions. Depression has consistently been associated with higher dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) activation, a region that regulates PA through ventral striatum (VS) connections. Low PA in depression may reflect dmPFC's aberrant functional connectivity (FC) with the VS.

Differential role of fusiform gyrus coupling in depressive and anxiety symptoms during emotion perception.

Anxiety and depression co-occur; the neural substrates of shared and unique components of these symptoms are not understood. Given emotional alterations in internalizing disorders, we hypothesized that function of regions associated with emotion processing/regulation, including the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), amygdala and fusiform gyrus (FG), would differentiate these symptoms. Forty-three adults with depression completed an emotional functional magnetic resonance imaging task and the Hamilton Depression and Anxiety Scales.

Postoperative Immobilization Period for Pediatric Supracondylar Fractures: The Shorter the Better?

Background: There are now recognized standards of care published by the British and American Orthopaedic Associations which detail key areas of evidence-based recommendations for the treatment of children with displaced supracondylar humerus fractures. Although many aspects of treatment are covered in these recommendations, both the American and British Orthopaedic Associations do not recommend the exact duration of immobilization postoperatively.

Methods: This study retrospectively compared outcomes of operatively managed supracondylar fractures immobilized postoperatively for short immobilization (SI) defined as 28 days or less, with long immobilization (LI) defined as more than 28 days.

Early Thumb Carpometacarpal Subluxation Stabilized with a Mini TightRope: A Report of Two Cases.

Two patients with thumb carpometacarpal instability were stabilized using a suture suspension device. Both patients had symptomatic thumb carpometacarpal instability in the setting of clinical hyperlaxity without known connective tissue disorder that was recalcitrant to nonsurgical modalities. Both patients had significant, lasting improvement in their pain and function with excellent radiographic outcomes.

Treatment recommendations for glycogen storage disease type IB- associated neutropenia and neutrophil dysfunction with empagliflozin: Consensus from an international workshop.

Glycogen storage disease type Ib (GSD Ib, biallelic variants in SLC37A4) is a rare disorder of glycogen metabolism complicated by neutropenia/neutrophil dysfunction. Since 2019, the SGLT2-inhibitor empagliflozin has provided a mechanism-based treatment option for the symptoms caused by neutropenia/neutrophil dysfunction (e.g.

Neural activity during negative self-evaluation is associated with negative self-concept and depressive symptoms in adolescent girls.

Self-concept becomes reliant on social comparison, potentially leading to excessive self-focused attention, persistently negative self-concept and increased risk for depression during early adolescence. Studies have implicated neural activation in cortical midline brain structures in self-related information processing, yet it remains unclear how this activation may underlie subjective self-concept and links to depression in adolescence. We examined these associations by assessing neural activity during negative vs.

At What Time Interval After a Sharp Nerve Laceration Is Primary Nerve Repair No Longer Possible?

Purpose: The timeframe after a sharp nerve injury when nerve grafting becomes required remains unclear. A retrospective analysis was performed to determine the timeframe when primary repair of a sharp nerve laceration can no longer be performed and grafting becomes necessary.

Methods: All sharp nerve injuries in three regions of the hands and upper extremity-major nerves, common digital nerves, and proper digital nerves-treated between 2016 and 2021 were reviewed.

Outcomes of Distal Radius Fractures in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients.

Purpose: Distal radius fractures (DRFs) are one of the most common conditions that musculoskeletal providers treat. As the frequency of solid organ transplants (SOT) increases, these providers are often called upon to manage DRFs in these patients. These patients are at increased risk for osteopenia and osteoporosis, given the altered bone metabolism after SOT and frequent use of glucocorticoid and immunosuppressive medications.

Wassel VI Thumb Duplication With Triphalangeal Radial and Ulnar Thumbs: Anatomy and Surgical Reconstruction.

A 6-year-old otherwise healthy girl presented with a Wassel VI duplication of the left thumb metacarpal and triphalangeal radial and ulnar thumbs. The patient underwent successful thumb reconstruction by transposition of the distal ulnar thumb onto the radial thumb metacarpal. To the best of our knowledge, this case report represents the first published anatomical dissection and surgical reconstruction of a Wassel VI duplication with triphalangeal radial and ulnar thumbs.

Sustained Survival Benefit in Recurrent Medulloblastoma by a Metronomic Antiangiogenic Regimen: A Nonrandomized Controlled Trial.

Importance: Medulloblastoma recurrence in patients who have previously received irradiation has a dismal prognosis and lacks a standard salvage regimen.

Objective: To evaluate the response rate of pediatric patients with medulloblastoma recurrence using an antiangiogenic metronomic combinatorial approach (Medulloblastoma European Multitarget Metronomic Anti-Angiogenic Trial [MEMMAT]).

Design, Setting, And Participants: This phase 2, investigator-initiated, multicenter nonrandomized controlled trial assessed 40 patients with relapsed or refractory medulloblastoma without a ventriculoperitoneal shunt who were younger than 20 years at original diagnosis.

Osteocutaneous Turn-Up Fillet Flaps: A Spare-Parts Orthoplastic Surgery Option for a Functional Posttraumatic Below-Knee Amputation.

This article portrays the authors' experience with a complex lower limb bone and soft tissue defect, following chronic osteomyelitis and pathological fracture, which was managed by the multidisciplinary orthoplastic team. The decision for functional amputation versus limb salvage was deemed necessary, enhanced by the principles of "spare parts" in reconstructive microsurgery. This case describes the successful use of the osteocutaneous distal tibia turn-up fillet flap that allowed "lowering the level of the amputation" from a through knee to a below-knee amputation (BKA) to preserve the knee joint function.

Prospective use of molecular minimal residual disease for risk stratification in children and adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia : Long-term results of the AIEOP-BFM ALL 2000 trial in Austria.

Since 1979 Austrian children and adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have been treated according to protocols of the Berlin-Frankfurt-Münster (BFM) study group. The Associazione Italiana di Ematologia e Oncologia Pediatrica and BFM (AIEOP-BFM) ALL 2000 study was designed to prospectively study patient stratification into three risk groups using minimal residual disease (MRD) on two time points during the patient's early disease course. The MRD levels were monitored by detection of clone-specific rearrangements of the immunoglobulin and T‑cell receptor genes applying a quantitative polymerase chain reaction-based technique.

Stabilization of Recurrent Elbow Instability in the Presence of Hyperlaxity in Children Using a Nonanatomic Soft Tissue Reconstruction.

Despite growing concordance of opinion in the adult setting, pediatric elbow instability and its management are poorly represented in the literature due to its low prevalence and often unique circumstances. The authors present a case of posttraumatic recurrent posterior pediatric elbow instability in a patient with joint hypermobility. Our patient, a 9-year-old girl, sustained a right-sided supracondylar fracture of the humerus in April 2019.

Tendon Transfer for Correction of the Radial Deviation Deformity of the Wrist and Centralization in Posterior Interosseous Nerve Palsy.

There are very few descriptions of tendon transfers designed specifically to address the reconstruction of posterior interosseous nerve palsy (PINP). Unlike a radial nerve palsy (RNP), a patient with a PINP is able to extend their wrist but in radial deviation, because of the preserved innervation of the extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL). Tendon transfers to restore finger and thumb extension in PINP have been extrapolated from tendon transfers to restore these functions in RNP, specifically using flexor carpi radialis, not flexor carpi ulnaris, so as not to further exacerbate the distinctive radial deviation deformity of the wrist.