Pharmacokinetics of tramadol after subcutaneous administration in a critically ill population and in a healthy cohort.

Background: Tramadol is an atypical centrally acting analgesic agent available as both oral and parenteral preparations. For patients who are unable to take tramadol orally, the subcutaneous route of administration offers an easy alternative to intravenous or intramuscular routes. This study aimed to characterise the absorption pharmacokinetics of a single subcutaneous dose of tramadol in severely ill patients and in healthy subjects.

Clinical experience with intraoperative jugular venous oximetry during pediatric intracranial neurosurgery.

Aim: To report our institutional experience with intraoperative jugular venous oximetry during pediatric intracranial surgery to guide anesthetic care.

Background: The utility of intraoperative jugular venous oximetry in adults undergoing intracranial surgery is well known. However, there is a little information on its' application in children during intracranial surgery.

Anesthetic considerations in acute spinal cord trauma.

Patients with actual or potential spinal cord injury (SCI) are frequently seen at adult trauma centers, and a large number of these patients require operative intervention. All polytrauma patients should be assumed to have an SCI until proven otherwise. Pre-hospital providers should take adequate measures to immobilize the spine for all trauma patients at the site of the accident.