Ion-induced nucleation in solution: promotion of solute nucleation in charged levitated droplets.

We have investigated the nucleation and growth of sodium chloride in both single quiescent charged droplets and charged droplet populations that were levitated in an electrodynamic levitation trap (EDLT). In both cases, the magnitude of a droplet's net excess charge (ions(DNEC)) influenced NaCl nucleation and growth, albeit in different capacities. We have termed the phenomenon ion-induced nucleation in solution.

Synthesis and evaluation of new chiral nonracemic C2-symmetric and unsymmetric 2,2'-bipyridyl ligands.

The synthesis of a series of chiral nonracemic and C2-symmetric 2,2'-bipyridyl ligands (R = Me, i-Pr and Ph) as well as the syntheses of the corresponding unsymmetric 2,2'-bipyridyl ligands (R = Me and Ph) is described. These bipyridyl ligands were prepared, in a notably direct and modular fashion, from the readily available and corresponding 2-chloropyridine acetals (R = Me, i-Pr and Ph). The bipyridyl ligands were evaluated in copper(I)-catalyzed cyclopropanation reactions of styrene with the ethyl and t-butyl esters of diazoacetic acid.

Enantioselective Friedel-Crafts alkylation reactions catalyzed by a chiral nonracemic C2-symmetric 2,2'-bipyridyl copper(II) complex.

Enantioselective Friedel-Crafts alkylation reactions of a series of substituted indoles with methyl trifluoropyruvate, catalyzed by a chiral nonracemic C(2)-symmetric 2,2'-bipyridyl copper(II) triflate complex, are described. The corresponding 3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-indole-3-yl-propionic acid methyl esters were formed in good yield and in high enantiomeric excess (up to 90%). This is the first report of the use of a chiral nonracemic 2,2'-bipyridyl ligand in catalytic and enantioselective Friedel-Crafts alkylation reactions.

Factors affecting the solid-state structure and dimensionality of mercury cyanide/chloride double salts, and NMR characterization of coordination geometries.

In the reaction of organic monocationic chlorides or coordinatively saturated metal-ligand complex chlorides with linear, neutral Hg(CN)(2) building blocks, the Lewis-acidic Hg(CN)(2) moieties accept the chloride ligands to form mercury cyanide/chloride double salt anions that in several cases form infinite 1-D and 2-D arrays. Thus, [PPN][Hg(CN)(2)Cl].H(2)O (1), [(n)Bu(4)N][Hg(CN)(2)Cl].