Who holds the reins? Context-dependent resource allocation in the mutualism between fig trees and their fig wasp pollinators.

Mutualisms are consumer-resource interactions, in which goods and services are exchanged. Biological market theory states that exchanges should be regulated by both partners. However, most studies on mutualisms are one-sided, focusing on the control exercised by host organisms on their symbionts.

Association of the COVID-19 Pandemic With Medical School Diversity Pathway Programs.

Importance: Medical school pathway programs are a strategy to increase the diversity of the physician workforce. The COVID-19 pandemic may have negatively affected pathway programs, further challenging efforts to increase diversity.

Objectives: To describe the changes in medical school pathway programs during the COVID-19 pandemic and identify methods for sustaining and supporting these programs during and after the pandemic.

Prevalence of undiagnosed HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C among patients in an Indian emergency department.

Objectives: HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C remain significant causes of morbidity and mortality in low resource settings. Emergency department (ED)-based screening has proven effective in decreasing the spread of undiagnosed disease, although such programs are rare in low-middle income countries.

Methods: A prospective, cross sectional study of all adult patients presenting to the ED in a 600-bed teaching hospital in Tamil Nadu, India.

Assessment of Local Health Worker Attitudes toward International Medical Volunteers in Low- and Middle-income Countries: A Global Survey.

Background: International Medical Volunteers (IMVs) positively and negatively impact host countries, and the goals of their trips may not always align with the interests of the hosts in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs). We sought to better understand local physicians' interest of hosting IMVs and what type of support they desired.

Methods: This study was a convenience sample survey-based needs assessment.

Cough dynamics in adults receiving tuberculosis treatment.

Cough is a characteristic symptom of tuberculosis, is the main cause of transmission, and is used to assess treatment response. We aimed to identify the best measure of cough severity and characterize changes during initial tuberculosis therapy. We conducted a prospective cohort of recently diagnosed ambulatory adult patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in two tertiary hospitals in Lima, Peru.

Operation Navajeevan: A Public-Private Partnership Model for Disaster Relief in Kozhikode, India.

Introduction: In August 2018, India's southern state of Kerala experienced its worst flooding in over a century. This report describes the relief efforts in Kozhikode, a coastal region of Kerala, where Operation Navajeevan was initiated.

Sources: Data were collected from a centralized database at the command center in the District Medical Office as well as first-hand accounts from providers who participated in the relief effort.

Food Choice and Dietary Intake among People with Tuberculosis in Peru: Implications for Improving Practice.

Background: In Peru, tuberculosis (TB) is perceived as a nutritional disease. This perception, alongside factors including household food insecurity, may drive the food choices of people with TB and influence treatment outcomes.

Objectives: The objective of this qualitative study was to explore drivers of food choice among adults recently diagnosed with TB.

The Impact of Road Construction on Subjective Well-Being in Communities in Madre de Dios, Peru.

The interoceanic highway (IOH) in Madre de Dios, Peru has driven dramatic change in the Peruvian Amazon basin. We conducted a mixed methods study to examine the impact of these changes on the subjective well-being (SWB) of four communities on the IOH. Themes that emerged qualitatively included changing health threats, environmental degradation, and the impact of increased migration.

Small scale migration along the interoceanic highway in Madre de Dios, Peru: an exploration of community perceptions and dynamics due to migration.

Background: Madre de Dios, a southern state in the Peruvian Amazon basin, has experienced rapid development as well as an influx of migrants since the construction of the Interoceanic Highway (IOH) connecting Brazil, Bolivia, and the Peruvian coast. We explored perceptions of migration and development in up to eight communities along the IOH in Madre de Dios following construction of the highway.

Methods: We conducted a multiple methods study involving focus group (FG) discussions and interviews with key informants (KIs) in eight communities in Madre de Dios.

Study of operated patients of lateral internal anal sphincterotomy for chronic anal fissure.

Introduction: Anal fissure causes significant morbidity in the population. It is proposed that elevated sphincter pressures may cause ischaemia of the anal lining and this may be responsible for the pain of anal fissures and their failure to heal. When pharmacologic therapy fails or fissures recur frequently, lateral internal sphincterotomy is the surgical treatment of choice.