The vast majority of SARS-CoV-2 infections were asymptomatic in a clinic-based cohort of people with and without HIV in four African countries.

Background: Persons living with HIV (PLWH) were prioritized for SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in sub-Saharan Africa, however, SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 symptomatology have not been well characterized among PLWH. We described SARS-CoV-2 infection prevalence and symptomatology, and examined factors associated with nasal swab RT-PCR positivity in Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, and Nigeria.

Methods: The ongoing African Cohort Study (AFRICOS) follows PLWH and people living without HIV (PLWoH) in four African countries.

A Pragmatic Management Approach for Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatosis and Steatohepatitis.

Obesity and associated insulin resistance induce a chronic metaboinflammatory state that lead to injury and dysfunction of multiple organs resulting in a cluster of noncommunicable diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is a histologically active form of MASLD and characterized by greater injury and inflammation and progresses to cirrhosis with greater certainty than steatosis alone. The progression to cirrhosis is characterized by increasing fibrosis.

Myxomatous Mysteries: Decoding the Oral Focal Mucinosis.

Oral focal mucinosis (OFM) is a unique benign lesion of the oral cavity with uncertain etiology which is analogous to cutaneous focal mucinosis. It mainly affects women in their fourth and fifth decades of life. The diagnosis of this condition is based on histopathological examination, as it lacks characteristic clinical and radiographic features.

Persistent low-level viraemia is associated with non-infectious comorbidities in an observational cohort in four African countries.

Introduction: People living with HIV (PLWH) have higher rates of non-infectious comorbid diseases (NCDs) than individuals without HIV. We characterized the risk of NCDs among PLWH with undetectable viral load and persistent low-level viraemia (pLLV) in the African Cohort Study (AFRICOS). We secondarily quantified the role of immune activation in the association between LLV and NCDs.

A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Safety and Efficacy of Systemic Enzyme Supplementation on Symptoms and Quality of Life in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) imposes a substantial symptom burden that adversely impacts patients' quality of life. Current anti-fibrotic treatments for IPF provide limited symptomatic relief, necessitating the implementation of complementary disease management strategies to enhance health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Serracor-NK and Serra Rx260, systemic enzyme supplements, improved symptoms and HRQOL with favorable safety profiles in a proof-of-concept study in PF patients.

Pediatric Hospital Medicine Fellows' Perspectives on Autonomy Through Time.

Objective: Promoting autonomy is at the core of fellowship education. Pediatric hospital medicine (PHM) fellowship programs are relatively new, and many supervising physicians are not trained on how to promote fellow autonomy. Moreover, no studies have explored fellows' perception of autonomy throughout training.

Mobile Health Apps, Family Caregivers, and Care Planning: Scoping Review.

Background: People living with multiple chronic conditions (MCCs) face substantial challenges in planning and coordinating increasingly complex care. Family caregivers provide important assistance for people with MCCs but lack sufficient support. Caregiver apps have the potential to help by enhancing care coordination and planning among the health care team, including patients, caregivers, and clinicians.

Prebiotics for Induction and Maintenance of Remission in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: Prebiotics are nondigestible carbohydrates fermented by gut bacteria into metabolites that confer health benefits. However, evidence on their role for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is unclear. This study systematically evaluated the research on prebiotics for treatment of IBD.

Infantile tremor syndrome with global developmental delay and microcephaly in a 16-month-old male: a case report.

Introduction And Importance: Infantile tremor syndrome (ITS) affects children aged 6-18 months, and is characterized by tremors, pallor, developmental regression, skin pigmentation changes, and sparse hypopigmented hair. This case report highlights an ITS presentation in a 16-month-old exclusively breastfed male, emphasizing the significance of complementary feeding.

Case Presentation: The patient presented with abnormal body movements, loss of developmental milestones, hyperpigmented skin changes, hypopigmented scalp hairs, pallor, and microcephaly.

Tuberculosis Preventive Treatment Update - U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, 36 Countries, 2016-2023.

Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death among persons with HIV. In 2022, an estimated 167,000 TB-related deaths occurred globally among persons with HIV. TB preventive treatment (TPT) helps prevent TB disease and is recommended for persons at high risk for developing TB, including those with HIV.

Dietary therapies for adult and pediatric inflammatory bowel disease.

Diet is an environmental exposure implicated in the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Dietary therapy is also a tool for management of these conditions. Nutrition therapy for IBD has been shown to reduce intestinal inflammation, promote healing, and alleviate symptoms, as well as improve patients' nutrition status.

Advanced HIV disease in East Africa and Nigeria, in The African Cohort Study.

Background: Earlier antiretroviral therapy (ART) may decrease progression to advanced HIV disease (AHD) with CD4 count of <200 cells per cubic millimeter or clinical sequelae. We assessed factors associated with AHD among people living with HIV before and during the "test and treat" era.

Setting: The African Cohort Study prospectively enrolls adults with and without HIV from 12 clinics in Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, and Nigeria.

Positive Attitude Towards Personal Drug Selection among Undergraduate Medical Students of a Medical College.

Introduction: Personal drug exercise helps in the selection of drugs depending on the criteria- safety, efficacy, suitability and cost. Undergraduate medical students are the future practitioners-in-training and should focus more on rational prescribing. This study aimed to find out the prevalence of positive attitudes towards personal drug selection among undergraduate medical students of a medical college.

Five Cases of Idiopathic Sciatic Mononeuropathy: Clinical, Electrophysiological, Radiological, and Histological Features.

Background: Common etiologies of sciatic mononeuropathy are compressive, infiltrative, traumatic, or diabetic. However, in a proportion of patients, the etiology remains elusive despite extensive serological, electrophysiological, radiological, and histological investigations.

Methods: Patients with unexplained sciatic mononeuropathy were studied with regard to their clinical, radiological, pathological, and treatment aspects.

Care Models and Discharge Services for Children With Medical Complexity.

Background And Objectives: Children with medical complexity (CMC) are high health care utilizers prompting hospitals to implement care models focused on this population, yet practices have not been evaluated on a national level. Our objective with this study is to describe the presence and structure of care models and the use of discharge services for CMC admitted to freestanding children's hospitals across the nation.

Methods: We distributed an electronic survey to 48 hospitals within the Pediatric Health Information System exploring the availability of care models and discharge services for CMC.

Development of Scholarship Core Competencies for Pediatric Hospital Medicine Fellowship Programs.

The Pediatric Hospital Medicine (PHM) Fellowship Directors, recent fellowship graduates, and senior leaders in PHM have long identified training in scholarly activities as a key educational priority for fellowship training programs. We led a 2-day conference funded by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality to develop scholarship core competencies for PHM fellows. Participants included fellowship directors, national experts in PHM research, and representatives from key stakeholder organizations.

Learnings in Digital Health Design: Insights From a Pilot Web App for Structured Note-Taking for Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Background: Patients fail to accurately remember 40% to 80% of medical information relayed during doctor appointments, and most standard after-visit summaries fail to effectively help patients comply with behaviors to manage their health conditions. The value of technology to empower and engage patients in their health management has been shown, and here we apply technology to help patients remember and act upon information communicated during their medical appointments.

Objective: We describe the development of WellNote, a digital notebook designed for patients to create a customized plan to manage their condition, plan for their appointments, track important actions (eg, medications and labs), and receive reminders for appointments and labs.

Thrombosis of sigmoid sinus, transverse sinus, and internal jugular vein in chronic otitis media in 9-year-old girl: a case report.

Introduction And Importance: Chronic otitis media can lead to dreadful intracranial complications, the most common being meningitis. A concomitant finding of thrombosis in more than one sinus with a cerebral vein is extremely rare. Septic sigmoid sinus thrombosis has an infectious origin and the treatment is debatable between antibiotics and surgery.