Use of intraoperative bone scintigraphy for resection of spinal osteoid osteoma.

Background: The location and proximity to the spinal cord in spinal osteoid osteoma can increase the likelihood of an incomplete resection. Intraoperative bone scintigraphy (IOBS) can be used to verify location and complete surgical resection.

Objective: To review our experience using IOBS for resection of intraspinal osteoid osteoma.

Pediatric Solid Gastric Emptying Scintigraphy: Normative Value Guidelines and Nonstandard Meal Alternatives.

Introduction: Adult standards for gastric emptying scintigraphy, including the type of meal and range of normative values for percent gastric emptying, are routinely used in pediatric practice, but to date have not been validated. The purpose of this study is to determine whether the use of adult criteria for gastric emptying scintigraphy is valid for children and whether alternative nonstandard meals can also be offered based on these criteria.

Methods: This retrospective study analyzed patients (n = 1,151 total) who underwent solid-phase gastric emptying scintigraphy.

Gastric emptying of milk in infants and children up to 5 years of age: normative data and influencing factors.

Background: Gastric emptying scintigraphy is widely used in infants and children, but there is a lack of age-specific normative data.

Objective: The objectives of this retrospective study were: 1) to establish a range of gastric emptying of milk or formula as a surrogate for normal gastric emptying in infants and young children ≤5 years of age, and 2) to investigate the effects of patient age, feeding volume, feeding route and gastroesophageal reflux on gastric emptying.

Materials And Methods: The reports of 5,136 gastric emptying studies of children ≤5 years of age performed at Children's National Medical Center from January 1990 to August 2012 were reviewed.

PET/MR Imaging:: Current Updates on Pediatric Applications.

PET/MR imaging is an integrated imaging system that combines the high soft tissue resolution of MR imaging with the quantitative data obtained from PET into a single system. It is a relatively new imaging technique but with potential clinical use in pediatric oncologic and nononcologic processes in additional to its role in research. It is particularly relevant in pediatric patients due to reduced radiation burden compared with PET/CT and the ability to obtain exquisite functional and anatomic imaging in a single imaging session, thereby reducing the number of anesthesia/sedations.

Esophageal transit scintigraphy in children: a user's guide and pictorial review.

Technical and clinical aspects of esophageal transit scintigraphy in pediatric patients are reviewed via several illustrative cases that highlight its utility in evaluating primary and secondary esophageal motility disorders.

Chronic Acalculous Cholecystitis in Children With Biliary Symptoms: Usefulness of Hepatocholescintigraphy.

Objectives: Chronic acalculous cholecystitis (CAC) increasingly is being diagnosed as a cause of recurring biliary symptoms in children, but its clinical diagnosis remains challenging. The primary objective was to evaluate the utility of hepatocholescintigraphy in pediatric patients with suspected CAC. A secondary objective was to describe their clinical follow-up after diagnosis.

The duplicated collecting system of the urinary tract: embryology, imaging appearances and clinical considerations.

Duplication anomalies of the urinary collecting system are common and can be discovered and characterized with multiple imaging modalities. The embryology, imaging manifestations and clinical ramifications of duplicated ureters and renal collecting systems vary from a normal anatomical variant to urological pathology and are discussed and illustrated in this review.

Practical Indication-Based Pediatric Nuclear Medicine Studies: Update and Review.

Pediatric nuclear medicine imaging presents unique challenges and requires a thorough understanding of the patients' developmental stages and physiology to optimize study protocols. This article provides an overview of the current practice of diagnostic pediatric nuclear medicine, including the common clinical applications and imaging protocol considerations.

Glomerular hyperfiltration in children with cancer: prevalence and a hypothesis.

Background: Glomerular hyperfiltration has recently been reported in children with malignancies and has been attributed to increased solute from breakdown of tumor tissues.

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of hyperfiltration in the pediatric oncology population and explore its pathophysiological mechanism.

Materials And Methods: Tc-99 m diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) glomerular filtration rate (GFR) examinations (437 studies) and medical records of 177 patients <21 years of age diagnosed with a malignancy between January 2005 and October 2013 were retrospectively reviewed.

Up-to-date review of nuclear medicine applications in pediatric thoracic imaging.

Nuclear medicine has an important role in the evaluation of various congenital and acquired pediatric chest diseases. Although the radiopharmaceuticals and nuclear medicine examinations used in children are broadly the same as in adults, there are some key differences in clinical indications and underlying disorders. This article provides the reader with an up-to-date review of practice of nuclear medicine as it relates to the pediatric chest, including its current role and future applications.

Imaging in laparoscopic cholecystectomy--what a radiologist needs to know.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the gold standard treatment option for cholelithiasis. In order to properly assess for the complications related to the procedure, an understanding of the normal biliary anatomy, its variants and the normal postoperative imaging is essential. Radiologist must be aware of benefits and limitations of multiple imaging modalities in characterizing the complications of this procedure as each of these modalities have a critical role in evaluating a symptomatic post-cholecystectomy patient.

Can Coronary Artery Involvement in Kawasaki Disease be Predicted?

Background: Coronary artery involvement is seen in approximately 15-20% of children with Kawasaki disease. There is conflicting literature regarding the clinical and laboratory findings associated with coronary artery involvement. In this retrospective study, we attempt identification of predictive factors for coronary artery involvement at our institute and review the existing literature.

White matter integrity on fractional anisotropy maps in encephalopathic neonates post hypothermia therapy with normal-appearing MR imaging.

Background: Neonatal encephalopathy (NE) is a clinically defined neurological syndrome commonly caused by ischemia.

Objective: We investigated white matter integrity in children with NE using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and examined the hypothesis that white matter insults not visible on conventional MRI may have abnormal fractional anisotropy (FA) on DTI.

Materials And Methods: DTI was performed on 36 term encephalopathic neonates who had hypothermia therapy.