Resting Metabolic Rate in Indian Adolescents and Youth with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Case Controlled Study.

Introduction: Energy metabolism in type 1 diabetes (T1D) is known to be different. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) accounts for the largest portion of total energy needs. The objective of our study was to assess resting metabolic rate and its determinants in adolescents and young adults with T1D in comparison with age- and gender-matched healthy controls.

Assessment of Vitamin D Status, its Determinants and Relationship with Bone Health in Indian Children and Young Adults with Type-1 Diabetes.

Introduction: Recent evidence suggests that vitamin D deficiency and type-1 diabetes (T1D) have a bidirectional cause-effect relationship. The objective of this study is to estimate the prevalence and determinants of vitamin D deficiency in Indian children and young adults with T1D and assess the relationship between vitamin D status and their bone health.

Methods: It was a single-centre, cross-sectional study.

Standardization of Weightage Assigned to Different Segments of the Hand X-ray for Assessment of Bone Age by the Greulich-Pyle Method.

Introduction: Bone age (BA) assessment is important in evaluating disorders of growth and puberty; the Greulich and Pyle atlas method (GP) is most used. We aimed to determine the weightage to be attributed by raters to various segments of the hand x-ray, namely, distal end of radius-ulna (RU), carpals, and short bones for rating bone age using the GP atlas method.

Methods: 692 deidentified x-rays from a previous study (PUNE-dataset) and 400 from the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA-dataset) were included in the study.

Effect of metformin adjunct therapy on cardiometabolic parameters in Indian adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial.

Introduction: Insulin resistance is being increasingly reported in type-1 Diabetes (T1D) and is known to accelerate microvascular complications. The Asian Indian population has a higher risk of double diabetes development compared to Caucasians. Hence, we studied the effect of adding Metformin to standard insulin therapy on glycemic control, insulin sensitivity (IS), cardiometabolic parameters and body composition in Indian adolescents with T1D.

The automated Greulich and Pyle: a coming-of-age for segmental methods?

The well-known Greulich and Pyle (GP) method of bone age assessment (BAA) relies on comparing a hand X-ray against templates of discrete maturity classes collected in an atlas. Automated methods have recently shown great success with BAA, especially using deep learning. In this perspective, we first review the success and limitations of various automated BAA methods.

Effect of Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation (Dairy vs. Pharmacological) on Bone Health of Underprivileged Indian Children and Youth with Type-1 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: Bone health is affected by chronic childhood disorders including type-1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). We conducted this randomized controlled trial with the objective of investigating the effect of 1-year supplementation of vitamin-D with milk or with pharmacological calcium on bone mass accrual in underprivileged Indian children and youth with T1DM.

Methods: 5 to 23year old (n = 203) underprivileged children and youth with T1DM were allocated to one of three groups: Milk (group A-received 200 ml milk + 1000 international unit (IU) vitamin-D3/day), Calcium supplement (group B-received 500 mg of calcium carbonate + 1000 IU of vitamin-D3/day) or standard of care/control (group C).

Adaptation and validation of an artificial intelligence based digital radiogrammetry tool for assessing bone health of indian children and youth with type-1 diabetes.

Background And Objectives: BoneXpert (BX) is an artificial intelligence software used primarily for bone age assessment. Besides, it can also be used to screen for bone health using the digital radiogrammetry tool called bone health index (BHI) for which normative reference values available are calculated from healthy European children. Due to ethnic difference in bone geometry, in a previous study, we generated reference curves based on healthy Indian children.

Pilot Study on Gut Microbiota Profile in Indian Children with Type 1 Diabetes.

Background: Non-genetic factors like microbial dysbiosis may be contributing to the increasing incidence/progression of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).

Objectives: To analyse the gut microbiota profile in Indian children with T1DM and its effect on glycaemic control.

Methodology: Faecal samples of 29 children with T1DM were collected and faecal microbial DNA was extracted and subjected to 16S rRNA (ribosomal RNA) sequencing and further analysis.

BoneXpert-derived bone health index reference curves constructed on healthy Indian children and adolescents.

Background: Artificial intelligence (AI)-based applications for the assessment of the paediatric musculoskeletal system like BoneXpert are not only useful to assess bone age (BA) but also to provide a bone health index (BHI) and a standard deviation score (SDS) for both. This allows comparison of the BHI with age- and sex-matched healthy Caucasian children.

Objective: We conducted this study with the objective of generating BHI curves using BoneXpert in healthy Indian children with BA between 2 and 17 years.

Vitamin D status and determinants in Indian children and adolescents: a multicentre study.

Studies performed on Indian children to assess vitamin-D status have been on small sample sizes, limited to specific geographical locations and used non-standard methods to measure 25(OH)D. This multicentre study assessed 25(OH)D concentrations from dried blood spots (DBS) in 5-18-year-old Indian children and adolescents using a standardized protocol and identified factors contributing towards vitamin D deficiency. Cross-sectional, observational school-based study was conducted by multi-stage stratified random sampling.

A comparison of bone age assessments using automated and manual methods in children of Indian ethnicity.

Background: Bone age is useful for pediatric endocrinologists in evaluating various disorders related to growth and puberty. Traditional methods of bone age assessment, namely Greulich and Pyle (GP) and Tanner-Whitehouse (TW), have intra- and interobserver variations. Use of computer-automated methods like BoneXpert might overcome these subjective variations.

Maternal early pregnancy body mass index, gestational weight gain and pregnancy outcomes among urban slum dwellers in Pune, India-A retrospective analysis.

Context: Studies on prepregnancy body mass index (BMI), gestational weight gain (GWG), and pregnancy outcomes among urban Indian slums are sparse.

Aims: To study BMI during early pregnancy, GWG, and maternal and neonatal outcomes among slum-dwelling women in Pune, India.

Design: A retrospective study among pregnant women attending antenatal care (ANC) facility.

Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on idiopathic central precocious puberty - experience from an Indian centre.

Objectives: Owing to increase in referrals for precocity observed during COVID-19 lockdown, this study was conducted to estimate the proportion of patients referred for precocity and within these, those with idiopathic central precocious puberty (iCPP) before vs. during the COVID lockdown, and to assess the differences in anthropometric and clinical characteristics among iCPP patients in the two groups.

Methods: Retrospective study conducted at a tertiary level paediatric endocrinology centre (Western India) evaluating proportion of referrals for precocity and comparing demographics, anthropometry, pubertal staging and bone age at presentation among children with iCPP divided into two groups (pre-lockdown-group 1, lockdown-group 2).

Resting metabolic rate and its association with body composition parameters in 9- to 18-year-old Indian children and adolescents.

Objectives: Obesity is a disorder of energy balance with increasing prevalence in Indian children. Objectives were to study 1) resting metabolic rate (RMR), anthropometry, body composition (BC), and their relationships in Indian children and adolescents affected with overweight (OW) or obesity (OB) and in non-overweight (NOW) children and 2) factors influencing RMR, such as age, sex, and BC.

Methods: This cross-sectional, observational, multicentric study included 495 children (260 boys) of age 9-18 y who were assessed from six Indian states for sociodemographic and anthropometric parameters using standard protocols.

Impact of Adolescent Pregnancy on Bone Density in Underprivileged Pre-Menopausal Indian Women.

High prevalence (31.5%) of adolescent pregnancies (AP) have been reported in India. Reports suggest that pregnancy during adolescence may have deleterious effects on peak bone mass.

Predictive value of WHO vs. IAP BMI charts for identification of metabolic risk in Indian children and adolescents.

Objectives: Owing to increase in prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome in Indian children and adolescents, this study is conducted to assess the predictive value of IAP 2015 and WHO 2007 BMI for age cut-offs in identifying metabolic risk in Indian children.

Methods: Cross-sectional multicentric school-based study on 9-18-year-old healthy children (n=1,418) randomly selected from three states of India.

Results: WHO 2007 and IAP 2015 charts classified 222 (15.

Reference centile curves for mid-upper arm circumference for assessment of under- and overnutrition in school-aged Indian children and adolescents.

Objectives: Malnutrition is common in developing countries and is not restricted to young children. It has been suggested that measuring mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) is an easy, accurate, and low-cost method of identifying malnutrition in the early stages. The aims of this study were to construct age- and sex-specific MUAC reference centiles, and to define and validate cutoffs for assessment of under- and overnutrition in Indian children 5 to 17 y of age.