Effects of Stigmatizing Language on Trainees' Clinical Decision-Making in Substance Use Disorders: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Objectives: Substance use disorder (SUD) continues to be one of the most stigmatized and under-treated conditions in the United States. Stigmatizing language used by healthcare workers can transmit bias to others within healthcare, including medical trainees. This study investigates how stigmatizing language and undergraduate medical education (UME) curricula may influence trainees' clinical decision-making for patients with SUD.

Application in Parallel to U.S. Residency Training Programs in Multiple Specialties: Trends and Differences by Applicant Educational Background, 2009-2021.

Purpose: The medical education community is pursuing reforms addressing unsustainable growth in the number of residency applications per applicant and application costs. Little research has examined the prevalence or contributions of parallel applications (application to residency in multiple specialties) to this growth.

Method: A retrospective analysis of Electronic Residency Application Service® data provided by the Association of American Medical Colleges was conducted.

Psychiatry and Family Medicine Residents' Likelihood of Prescribing HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis to Patients With Mental Illness and HIV Vulnerability.

Background: People living with mental illness (PLMI) experience disproportionately high incidence of and vulnerability to HIV. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an effective and safe HIV prevention method, but data regarding prescription to PLMI are lacking. Psychiatrists may serve as important points of access for PrEP prescription for PLMI.

Parallel Application to U.S. Psychiatry Residency Programs: Trends in Frequency and Differences by Applicant Group, 2009-2021.

Objective: The present study examines trends of percent of applicants, number of specialties, and specialty combinations for psychiatry residency applicants applying to multiple specialties (parallel application).

Methods: The authors conducted a retrospective analysis of data captured by the Association of American Medical Colleges Electronic Residency Application System for applicants to psychiatry residency between 2009 and 2021. The percent parallel-applying, the mean number of specialties, mean application counts, and frequency of specialty combinations with psychiatry residency were determined.

Addressing a Gap in Medical School Training: Identifying and Caring for Human Trafficking Survivors Using Trauma-Informed Care.

Introduction: Human trafficking (HT) is a substantial public health problem, and health care workers are uniquely positioned to help identify and care for survivors. Despite this fact, few medical schools incorporate HT training using trauma-informed care (TIC) principles into their curricula. We developed a training session to educate medical students on recognizing HT red flags and providing TIC to HT survivors.

Effects of knowledge and implicit biases on pharmacy students' decision-making regarding pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention: A vignette-based experimental study.

Introduction: Men who have sex with men (MSM), especially Black MSM, are disproportionately affected by HIV and experience disparate prescription of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention compared to White MSM. While pharmacists are essential in efforts to scale-up PrEP, little is known about the role of knowledge and implicit biases in pharmacy students' decision-making regarding PrEP, which may elucidate mechanisms for improving PrEP access and addressing disparities.

Methods: A nationwide, cross-sectional study of pharmacy students in the United States was conducted.

The Role of Social Biases, Race, and Condom Use in Willingness to Prescribe HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis to MSM: An Experimental, Vignette-Based Study.

Introduction: Daily antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a safe and effective method of preventing HIV. Clinicians' assumptions, biases, and judgments may impede access to PrEP. Specifically, concern that patients will engage in more condomless sex ("risk compensation") has been cited by clinicians as a reason for not prescribing PrEP.

Machine Learning Techniques to Explore Clinical Presentations of COVID-19 Severity and to Test the Association With Unhealthy Opioid Use: Retrospective Cross-sectional Cohort Study.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated health inequities in the United States. People with unhealthy opioid use (UOU) may face disproportionate challenges with COVID-19 precautions, and the pandemic has disrupted access to opioids and UOU treatments. UOU impairs the immunological, cardiovascular, pulmonary, renal, and neurological systems and may increase severity of outcomes for COVID-19.

Assumptions about patients seeking PrEP: Exploring the effects of patient and sexual partner race and gender identity and the moderating role of implicit racism.

Introduction: Daily pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV-prevention is an essential component of national plans to end the HIV epidemic. Despite its well-documented safety and effectiveness, PrEP prescription has not met the public health need. Significant disparities between White and Black people exist with respect to PrEP prescription, as do disparities between men and women.

Knowledge of HIV and HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis among medical and pharmacy students: A national, multi-site, cross-sectional study.

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a highly effective strategy for preventing HIV. However, prescription of PrEP has not reached the scale that is necessary to meet the public health need of reducing HIV incidence. A factor contributing to this slow scale-up is limited healthcare practitioners' knowledge of PrEP, making PrEP education a priority.