Imaging of pulmonary infections encountered in the emergency department in post-COVID 19 era- common, rare and exotic. Bacterial and viral.

Pulmonary infections contribute substantially to emergency department (ED) visits, posing a considerable health burden. Lower respiratory tract infections are prevalent, particularly among the elderly, constituting a significant percentage of infectious disease-related ED visits. Timely recognition and treatment are crucial to mitigate morbidity and mortality.

Multimodality imaging review of ulnar nerve pathologies.

The ulnar nerve is the second most commonly entrapped nerve after the median nerve. Although clinical evaluation and electrodiagnostic studies remain widely used for the evaluation of ulnar neuropathy, advancements in imaging have led to increased utilization of these newer / better imaging techniques in the overall management of ulnar neuropathy. Specifically, high-resolution ultrasonography of peripheral nerves as well as MRI has become quite useful in evaluating the ulnar nerve in order to better guide treatment.

Gastrointestinal Manifestations of Immunodeficiency: Imaging Spectrum.

There is a wide spectrum of hereditary and acquired immunodeficiency disorders that are characterized by specific abnormalities involving a plethora of humoral, cellular, and phagocytic immunologic pathways. These include distinctive primary immunodeficiency syndromes due to characteristic genetic defects and secondary immunodeficiency syndromes, such as AIDS from HIV infection and therapy-related immunosuppression in patients with cancers or a solid organ or stem cell transplant. The gut mucosa and gut-associated lymphoid tissue (the largest lymphoid organ in the body), along with diverse commensal microbiota, play complex and critical roles in development and modulation of the immune system.

Gas Where It Shouldn't Be! Imaging Spectrum of Emphysematous Infections in the Abdomen and Pelvis.

The purpose of this article is to review the spectrum, etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation, imaging features, differential diagnoses, and management of emphysematous infections of the abdomen and pelvis. Emphysematous infections are associated with high morbidity and mortality and thus need urgent medical and surgical interventions. CT is the most sensitive modality to detect gas; CT provides definitive diagnosis in most cases and can depict the extent of involvement.

Pierre Robin Sequence: Diagnostic Difficulties Faced while Differentiating Isolated and Syndromic Forms.

Pierre Robin sequence (PRS) is characterized by the triad of retrognathia, glossoptosis, and airway obstruction. PRS may occur in isolation or in conjunction with other syndromes. Distinguishing isolated and syndromic forms of PRS helps clinicians decide the management plan.

Beyond pyogenic liver abscess: a comprehensive review of liver infections in emergency settings.

Hepatobiliary infections are commonly encountered in emergency settings ranging from common pathology such as pyogenic abscess to relatively uncommon and rare etiologies. Since extensive literature is already available on imaging of more common bacterial infections, for the sake of focused discussion, this review will discuss radiological appearance of less commonly encountered hepatic infections of fungal, parasitic, viral, and tubercular etiologies. Epidemiological and clinical information remain extremely important for obtaining more accurate presumptive diagnosis.

Ewing's sarcoma with distant metastasis: A brief note on management and emerging therapies.

Ewing's sarcoma is an aggressive fatal malignancy of bones and soft-tissue. It predominantly affects the young population, with a worldwide incidence of three cases per million. The pelvis, extremities, and ribs are the most common sites.

"The Great Masquerader": Sonographic Pictorial Review of Testicular Tuberculosis and its Mimics.

Testicular tuberculosis (TB) is an uncommon presentation of extrapulmonary TB. Although rare in incidence, it is a great masquerader and should be kept in consideration while assessing focal abnormalities involving the testis. Ultrasound findings alone may be non-specific and mimic other diagnoses including infection, inflammation, tumor, infarct, and trauma.

Rhabdomyosarcoma of the Gluteus Maximus - Case Report, Review of Literature and Emerging Therapeutic Targets.

Background: Rhabdomyosarcoma is an uncommon mesodermal cancer, which predominantly affects the young population. Common sites of primary disease include the head and neck region, genitourinary tract and the extremities. Less than 25% of the cases of rhabdomyosarcoma are metastatic at presentation.

Cornelia De Lange Syndrome In A 4-Year-Old Child From India: Phenotype Description And Role Of Genetic Counseling.

Introduction: Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) is a congenital disorder marked by distinctive facial features, severe growth restriction, cognitive disability, global developmental delay, and anomalies involving multiple body organs. Majority cases of CdLS are caused due to sporadic mutations in the NIPBL, SMC1A, SMC3, RAD21, or HDAC8 genes, which form/regulate a multiprotein complex called cohesin. Cohesin is required for the separation of sister chromatids during cell division.

Complete Rectal Prolapse in Children: Case Report, Review of Literature, and Latest Trends in Management.

Background: Complete rectal prolapse is the circumferential descent of all the layers of the rectum through the anus. It often leads to bleeding, obstructed defecation, incarceration or fecal incontinence.

Case Report: We present a rare case of a 4-year-old child with complete rectal prolapse of 12 cm in length.

Unilateral Primary Congenital Lymphedema of the Upper Limb in an 11-Month-Old Infant: A Clinical and Pharmacological Perspective.

Background: Lymphedema is the accumulation of a protein-rich fluid in the interstitial space due to reduced lymph transport capacity. Congenital primary lymphedema affecting only one of the upper limbs is a rarity.

Case Report: We present a case of an 11-month-old infant presenting with swelling of the right upper limb, which had gradually progressed over the past five months.

Pediatric Pleomorphic Adenoma of the Parotid: Case Report, Review of Literature and Novel Therapeutic Targets.

Salivary gland tumors are extremely rare and encompass a diverse group of histologies. Less than 5% of the affected population is pediatric. We present a case of 6-year-old child with pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid.

A case report of hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia: A mini-review with latest updates.

Ectodermal dysplasia (ED) is a rare hereditary disorder involving two or more of the ectodermal structures, which include the skin, hair, nails, teeth, and sweat glands. The two most common forms of the disease are hypohidrotic/anhidrotic ED and hidrotic ED. They are caused by the mutations of several genes.

Giant Congenital Melanocytic Nevi: An Update and Emerging Therapies.

Giant congenital melanocytic nevi (GCMN) are a rare occurrence. Gain-of-function mutation in the NRAS gene is found to be associated with GCMN, causing abnormal proliferation of embryonic melanoblasts. The two major complications associated with GCMN are malignant melanoma and neurocutaneous melanosis.

Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome: A pediatric dermatology case report.

Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome is a condition which predominantly affects children and causes a spectrum of skin lesions. We present a case of a 2-month-old infant with complaints of fever and fragile blisters over the body. The mucosal areas were spared.

Neurofibromatosis and breast cancer: Do we need to revise the mammographic screening schedule in patients of neurofibromatosis?

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1) is a neurocutaneous syndrome with autosomal dominant mode of inheritance and has a high propensity to develop benign and malignant nervous system tumors. Although uncommon, case reports describing the association of NF-1 and breast cancer are available in the literature. We illustrate one such case of NF-1, with no family history of the disorder and presenting with multifocal invasive carcinoma of the right breast, in an attempt to describe the association between these two entities.

Split-Hand Malformation in a 4-Year-Old Child.

Split-hand deformity is one of the milder manifestations of a congenital disorder called split-hand/split-foot malformation. We present a case of a 4-year-old child with split-hand malformation in his left hand since birth. A median cleft was present in the affected hand with absence of the 3rd and 4th digits, giving rise to a characteristic lobster-claw appearance.

Duodenoduodenal intussusception: Report of three challenging cases with literature review.

Small bowel intussusception is an uncommon condition with cases of duodenoduodenal intussusception (DDI) being exceptionally rare. Adult intussusception occurs infrequently and differs from childhood intussusception in its presentation, etiology, and treatment. DDI is very unusual due to the fixed position of the duodenum within the retroperitoneum.

Single-Incision Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Using Conventional Laparoscopic Instruments and Comparison with Three-Port Cholecystectomy.

Single-incision laparoscopic surgery also known as laparo-endoscopic single-site surgery for cholecystectomy is performed using a single umbilical skin incision through which a laparoscope and two instruments are introduced. It is virtually a "scarless" surgery. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of single-incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy using conventional instruments and compare it with three-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Immunoglobulin G kappa biclonal gammopathy associated with multiple myeloma, plasmacytoma and cast nephropathy.

Biclonal gammopathies are characterized by simultaneous appearance of two different monoclonal proteins. Multiclonal gammopathies may be the result of a neoplastic transformation of a cell clone undergoing immunoglobulin (Ig) class switching or due to an independent neoplastic transformation event yielding proliferation of unrelated plasma cell clones. This in turn has implication on the disease manifestation, progression, prognosis and response to therapy.

Tuberculosis of parotid gland masquerading parotid neoplasm.

Parotid gland involvement in tuberculosis is rare. We present a case of middle aged male presenting with parotid swelling for 1 year and diagnosed to have parotid tuberculosis on fine needle aspiration cytology. A brief review of radiological findings in tuberculous parotitis is discussed which can help in correct interpretation and timely diagnosis, and thus avoiding unnecessary parotidectomies.