Developing nanosize carrier systems for Amphotericin-B: A review on the biomedical application of nanoparticles for the treatment of leishmaniasis and fungal infections.

New formulations of Amphotericin-B (Am-B), the most popular therapeutic drug for many human infections such as parasitic and fungal pathogens, are safe, economical, and effective in the world. Several newly designed carrier systems for Am-B can also be considered orally with sufficient gastrointestinal permeability and good solubility. However, the clinical application of several new formulations of Am-B with organ cytotoxicity, low bioavailability, high costs, and technical problems have caused some issues.

The effects of the LaSota strain of oncolytic Newcastle disease virus vaccine on cervical intraepithelial neoplasia Patients-Clinical cohort study.

Background: Cervical cancer is one of the most common malignancies in women, and its treatment has many side effects. Therefore, in this research, the effects of the LaSota strain of oncolytic Newcastle disease virus vaccine on cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) patients were investigated.

Methods: 15 patients who met the inclusion criteria and diagnosed as CIN II and CIN III were included in the study.

Relationship Between Amoxicillin Use in Pregnancy and Congenital Anomalies: A Systematic Review.

Objective: Amoxicillin is among the most used antibiotics in the treatment of a wide spectrum of bacterial infections. Although amoxicillin is categorized as group B in pregnancy, the findings of studies regarding its effects on the fetus are controversial. The aim of this systematic review was to review the reported effects of amoxicillin administration in pregnancy on congenital anomalies.

Predicting factors for breast cancer screening in Middle Eastern women based on health belief model: a systematic review.

Background: Breast cancer screening can reduce mortality and improve the quality of life in affected women. The present study aimed to determine the predictive factors of breast cancer screening in Iranian women based on the health belief model (HBM).

Methods: This review was conducted by searching electronic databases of Google Scholar; electronic databases, including Scopus, PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, ProQuest, Embase, and Google scholar Magiran; and SID with the English keywords of "breast cancer," "mammography," "health belief model," and "breast self-exam" and the equivalent Persian keywords.

A randomized clinical trial on the effect of foot reflexology performed in the fourth stage of labor on uterine afterpain.

Background: Uterine afterpains are among the most prevalent complaints after natural vaginal delivery. Non-pharmacological treatment modalities to relieve afterpains are an important care priority. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of foot reflexology in the fourth stage of labor on afterpains in multiparous women.

The effects of yoga on quality of life among postmenopausal women: A systematic review study.

Introduction: The quality of life in menopausal women is considered to be an important health issue in different societies and one of the main objectives of health care in this period. This study aimed to investigate the effects of yoga on improving the quality of life in menopausal women.

Method: English databases of Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library were searched to access related articles using keywords of menopause, quality of life, and yoga.

Effect of Complementary Medicine on Pain Relief and Wound Healing after Cesarean Section: A Systematic Review.

Objectives: Cesarean sections are one of the common surgical procedures around the world. Management of cesarean section side effects, including pain, hematoma, delayed wound healing, is of particular importance in maintaining maternal health and ability to care for the baby. The tendency to use complementary medicine strategies is on the rise because of the easy treatment with low side effects.

Isolation, molecular identification, and phylogenetic evaluation of Cryptococcus neoformans isolated from pigeon lofts, Psittaciformes, and Passeriformes in Ahvaz, Iran.

Cryptococcus neoformans, the main pathogen in immunocompromised patients, is a ubiquitous free-living fungus that can be isolated from avian excreta, soils, and plant material. This study was carried out to determine the infection rate of pigeon lofts, Passeriformes, and Psittaciformes in Ahvaz, the capital of Khuzestan province in Iran and to determine varieties of Cryptococcus neoformans (C. neoformans).

A Feasibility Study of In Vivo Control and Tracking of Microrobot Using Taxicab Geometry for Direct Drug Targeting.

In vivo direct drug targeting aims at delivering drug molecules loaded on microrobots to the diseased site using the shortest possible physiological routes, which potentially improves targeting efficiency and reduces systemic toxicity. It is thus essential to consider realistic in-body limitations for direct drug targeting applications. Here, we present a novel controller for microrobot maneuver by considering four key in vivo constraints: non-Euclidean structure of capillaries, irreversibility of blood flow, invisibility of microvasculature, and inaccuracy of microrobot tracking.

Tension-Relaxation In Vivo Computing Principle for Tumor Sensitization and Targeting.

By modeling the tumor sensitization and targeting (TST) as a natural computational process, we have proposed the framework of nanorobots-assisted in vivo computation. The externally manipulable nanorobots are steered to detect the tumor in the high-risk tissue, which is analogous to the process of searching for the optimal solution by the computing agents in the search space. To overcome the constraint of a nanorobotic platform that can only generate a uniform magnetic field to actuate the nanorobots, we have proposed the weak priority evolution strategy (WP-ES) in our previous works.

Blind Obstacle Avoidance Using Taxicab Geometry for NanorobotAssisted Direct Drug Targeting.

In this paper, we present a novel controller for steering nanorobots in lattice-like vessel systems while avoiding potential obstacles such as the vessel walls without any prior knowledge of the obstacles' positions. The proposed control method consists of two sub-modules, namely a blind obstacle avoidance (BOA) and a model predictive control (MPC). In the case that a nanorobot might encounter an obstacle on its path, the BOA module is activated, which gives rise to a desirable heading angle to change the direction of the nanorobot's movement to bypass the obstacle.

Self-Regulated and Co-ordinated Smart Tumor Homing for Complex Vascular Networks.

Inspired by the collaborative movements of the living cells in different natural biological processes, this paper highlights a self-regulated and co-ordinated targeting strategy to detect tumor in complex human vasculature. We show by computational experiments that simple and non-centralized nanoparticles with limited locomotive capability, when they collaborate and move in the form of groups, can be very robust in the tumor homing process. Once reaching tumor location, such nanoparticles (potential contrast agents) can deposit themselves on tumor through the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect thereby making the malignant cancerous area more prominent.

The Effect of Information Therapy on Treatment Adherence among Patients Referred to Addiction Treatment Centers.

Background: The low level of drug adherence in addicts who are quitting is one of the biggest challenges in the treatment and management of this disease. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of information therapy on adherence to treatment among the patients in addiction treatment centers.

Methods: The present quasi-experimental study was performed on 60 patients referred to addiction treatment centers in Jiroft City, Iran.

Cytogenetic assessment of Iranian infertile men with undescended testis: A retrospective study.

Objective: Undescended testis (UDT) is a urogenital disease that affects fertility. This study looked into the cytogenetic abnormalities of Iranian infertile patients with UDT.

Methods: Our study included 522 infertile patients with UDT (case group) and two control groups, one with 300 infertile men without UDT and another with 268 fertile men.

Overcoming Channel Uncertainties in Molecular-Communication-Inspired Direct Drug Targeting.

Recent progress in the development of new methods for cancer treatment has shown advantages of multiple therapies over mono-therapy. In particular, direct drug targeting (DDT) combined with mixed immunotherapy and chemotherapy has the potential to mitigate the undesired side-effects allied with conventional therapies, where nanorobots in DDT carry therapeutic agents through the blood vessel channel in order to localize and target diseased tissue with a safe drug interaction. This process can be modeled by a "touchable" (i.

Nanoswimmer-oriented Direct Targeting Strategy Inspired by Momentum-based Gradient Optimization.

This paper considers the advantage of knowledgeaided direct targeting strategy (DTS) over systemic targeting for tumor homing in complex human vasculature. Tumor location in the body can be estimated by closely observing the tumortriggered bio-physical gradients in its vicinity, helping drugloaded magnetic nanoswimmers to accumulate at the disease location. These nanoswimmers are assembled by magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), which act as contrast agents increasing the diagnostic capability of different medical imaging techniques.

Overcoming Channel Uncertainties in Touchable Molecular Communication for Direct-Drug-Targeting-Assisted Immuno-Chemotherapy.

Objective: The performance of targeted immuno-chemotherapy of tumor is highly exposed to drug absorption in systemic circulation, which reduces its efficiency and increases side-effects. Direct drug targeting (DDT) combined with immuno-chemotherapy has the potential to mitigate the undesired systemic exposure, by using drug-loaded nanorobots to target cancer cells with the shortest possible physiological routes. This process can be modeled by the "touchable" (i.

Perspective: Computational Nanobiosensing.

With the development of nanotechnology, externally manipulable or self-regulatable smart nanosystems can be utilized as effective tools for computational nanobiosensing, where natural computing strategies are exploited for knowledge-aided nanobiosensing.

A study on prevalence and identification of Ovine and infection in Zabol using PCR method.

Infection with and a Causes high mortality and economical losses in livestock and has a relatively high prevalence in Iran. In Zabol, animals are susceptible to this disease because of presence of vector ticks, weather conditions and smuggle animal across the border and they cause great damages to the economy and production. However, few studies have been done for differentiation of and in sheep in this area.

Improving multivariable prostate cancer risk assessment using the Prostate Health Index.

Objectives: To analyse the clinical utility of a prediction model incorporating both clinical information and a novel biomarker, p2PSA, in order to inform the decision for prostate biopsy in an Irish cohort of men referred for prostate cancer assessment.

Patients And Methods: Serum isolated from 250 men from three tertiary referral centres with pre-biopsy blood draws was analysed for total prostate-specific antigen (PSA), free PSA (fPSA) and p2PSA. From this, the Prostate Health Index (PHI) score was calculated (PHI = (p2PSA/fPSA)*√tPSA).

Male patients with paranoid schizophrenia have greater ACTH and cortisol secretion in response to metoclopramide-induced AVP release.

Dynamic testing of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in schizophrenia has yielded conflicting results, which may be related to patient selection and previous exposure to psychotropic medication. The objective of this study was to determine the pattern of corticotropin (ACTH) and cortisol release in response to metoclopramide (a dopamine antagonist), which appears to be unique in its ability to release vasopressin (AVP), in drug naive patients with schizophrenia experiencing their first episode of psychosis. In this study, we examined AVP, ACTH and cortisol release in response to metoclopramide in 10 drug-naive, first-episode male patients with a DSM IV diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia and compared them to healthy control subjects matched for age, sex and smoking status.

Nonsense surveillance regulates expression of diverse classes of mammalian transcripts and mutes genomic noise.

Premature termination codons induce rapid transcript degradation in eukaryotic cells through nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). This pathway can modulate phenotypes arising from nonsense or frameshift mutations, but little is known about the physiologic role of NMD in higher eukaryotes. To address this issue, we examined expression profiles in mammalian cells depleted of Rent1 (also called hUpf1), a factor essential for NMD.

Evidence of basal pituitary-adrenal overactivity in first episode, drug naïve patients with schizophrenia.

Background: Evidence for basal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction in schizophrenia is less consistent than that seen in major depression. Potential reasons include sampling procedures and the use of patients on antipsychotic medications which may suppress the HPA axis. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine whether first episode, drug naïve patients with schizophrenia have evidence of basal HPA axis dysfunction by measuring plasma levels of AVP, ACTH and cortisol from 13:00 to 16:00 h, a time frame which is believed to reflect 24 h concentrations of HPA axis activity.

On the conformation of the COOH-terminal domain of the large mechanosensitive channel MscL.

COOH-terminal (S3) domains are conserved within the MscL family of bacterial mechanosensitive channels, but their function remains unclear. The X-ray structure of MscL from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TbMscL) revealed cytoplasmic domains forming a pentameric bundle (Chang, G., R.