The 5:2 Diet Affects Markers of Insulin Secretion and Sensitivity in Subjects with and without Type 2 Diabetes-A Non-Randomized Controlled Trial.

This non-randomized controlled trial aimed to compare the effect of the 5:2 diet on insulin levels as a primary outcome and markers of insulin secretion (connecting peptide (C-peptide) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1)) and sensitivity (Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR)), as well as body composition as secondary outcomes in overweight/obese individuals with and without type 2 diabetes (T2D). Ninety-seven participants (62% women), 35 with T2D and 62 BMI- and waist-matched controls without T2D, followed the 5:2 diet (two days per week of fasting) for six months with a 12-month follow-up. At six months, there was no loss to follow-up in the T2D group, whereas four controls discontinued this study.

PIONEER REAL Sweden: A Multicentre, Prospective, Real-World Observational Study of Oral Semaglutide Use in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes in Swedish Clinical Practice.

Introduction: The study was designed to assess outcomes with once-daily oral semaglutide in adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D) naïve to injectable glucose-lowering agents, in Swedish clinical practice.

Methods: In this non-interventional, multicentre study, participants initiated oral semaglutide and were followed for 34-44 weeks. The primary endpoint was glycated haemoglobin (HbA) change from baseline to end of study (EOS).

A protein-rich meal provides beneficial glycemic and hormonal responses as compared to meals enriched in carbohydrate, fat or fiber, in individuals with or without type-2 diabetes.

Introduction: Diet stands as a pivotal modifiable risk factor influencing weight gain and the onset of type-2 diabetes (T2D). This study delves into the variation in glucose and regulatory pancreatic hormone levels subsequent to the consumption of meals with differing macronutrient compositions.

Methods: The cohort comprised 20 individuals diagnosed with T2D and 21 without diabetes.

Effects of intermittent fasting on periodontal inflammation and subgingival microbiota.

Background: Studies on the impact of intermittent fasting on periodontal health are still scarce. Thus, this study evaluated the effects of long-term intermittent fasting on periodontal health and the subgingival microbiota.

Methods: This pilot study was part of a nonrandomized controlled trial.

Fast-Acting Insulin Aspart in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes in Real-World Clinical Practice: A Noninterventional, Retrospective Chart and Database Study.

Introduction: This study utilized continuous glucose monitoring data to analyze the effects of switching to treatment with fast-acting insulin aspart (faster aspart) in adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) in clinical practice.

Methods: A noninterventional database review was conducted in Sweden among adults with T1D using multiple daily injection (MDI) regimens who had switched to treatment with faster aspart as part of basal-bolus treatment. Glycemic data were retrospectively collected during the 26 weeks before switching (baseline) and up to 32 weeks after switching (follow-up) to assess changes in time in glycemic range (TIR; 70-180 mg/dL), mean sensor glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, coefficient of variation, time in hyperglycemia (level 1, > 180 to ≤ 250 mg/dL; level 2, > 250 mg/dL), and time in hypoglycemia (level 1, ≥ 54 to < 70 mg/dL; level 2, < 54 mg/dL) (ClinicalTrials.

The impact of macronutrient composition on metabolic regulation: An Islet-Centric view.

Aim: The influence of dietary carbohydrates and fats on weight gain is inconclusively understood. We studied the acute impact of these nutrients on the overall metabolic state utilizing the insulin:glucagon ratio (IGR).

Methods: Following in vitro glucose and palmitate treatment, insulin and glucagon secretion from islets isolated from C57Bl/6J mice was measured.

Real-world use of once-weekly semaglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes: pooled analysis of data from four SURE studies by baseline characteristic subgroups.

Introduction: This post hoc pooled analysis of four real-world studies (SURE Canada, Denmark/Sweden, Switzerland and UK) aimed to characterize the use of once-weekly (OW) semaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA), in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Research Design And Methods: The Semaglutide Real-world Evidence (SURE) studies had a duration of ~30 weeks. Changes in glycated hemoglobin (HbA) and body weight (BW) were analyzed for the overall population and the following baseline subgroups: GLP-1RA-naïve/GLP-1RA switchers; body mass index <25/≥25-<30/≥30-<35/≥35 kg/m; age <65/≥65 years; HbA <7%/≥7-≤8%/>8-≤9%/>9%; T2D duration <5/≥5-<10/≥10 years.

Corrigendum to "Protective Effect of the HIF-1A Pro582Ser Polymorphism on Severe Diabetic Retinopathy".

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1155/2019/2936962.].

Predictors of normalized HbA1c after gastric bypass surgery in subjects with abnormal glucose levels, a 2-year follow-up study.

Clinical biomarkers can predict normalization of HbA1c after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery, but it is unclear which are the most predictive.The aim of this study was to compare biomarkers for insulin sensitivity and other clinical parameters in the prediction of normalization of HbA1c after RYGB surgery. This study included 99 (23 men) obese subjects (BMI > 35 kg/m) undergoing a laparoscopic RYGB.

Protective Effect of the Pro582Ser Polymorphism on Severe Diabetic Retinopathy.

Objective: Hypoxia is central in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is the key mediator in cellular oxygen homeostasis that facilitates the adaptation to hypoxia. HIF-1 is repressed by hyperglycemia contributing by this to the development of complications in diabetes.

Triggering of a Dll4-Notch1 loop impairs wound healing in diabetes.

Diabetic foot ulcerations (DFUs) represent a major medical, social, and economic problem. Therapeutic options are restricted due to a poor understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms. The Notch pathway plays a pivotal role in cell differentiation, proliferation, and angiogenesis, processes that are profoundly disturbed in diabetic wounds.

Improved glycemic control due to sitagliptin is not related to cortisol or the surrogate marker IGFBP-1 for hepatic insulin sensitivity.

Importance: Elevated cortisol levels and dysregulated insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1; a marker of hepatic insulin sensitivity) are both related to insulin resistance and glucose abnormalities. It is unknown whether improvement in these parameters is related to improved glucose metabolism during treatment with sitagliptin.

Objective: To determine whether improved insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function during treatment with sitagliptin is related to lower cortisol levels and/or improved regulation of IGFBP-1 in patients with recent acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and newly discovered glucose abnormalities.

Sex differences in type 2 diabetes: focus on disease course and outcomes.

Background: Women with type 2 diabetes (T2D) are less likely to reach the goals for hemoglobin A1c compared with men, and have higher all-cause mortality. The risk of cardiovascular disease is elevated among both men and women with T2D, however, the risk has declined among men over recent years while it remains stationary in women. Reasons for these sex differences remain unclear, and guidelines for diabetes treatment do not differentiate between sexes.

Plasma glutaredoxin activity in healthy subjects and patients with abnormal glucose levels or overt type 2 diabetes.

Oxidative stress induced by hyperglycemia is a key factor in the pathogenesis of diabetes complications. Glutaredoxin 1(Grx1) is a cytosolic redox protein that catalyzes GSH-dependent thiol redox reactions and reversible protein S-glutathionylation. In humans, Grx1 antigen has previously been detected in plasma; however, it has hitherto been unclear if plasma Grx1 is enzymatically active, which would indicate an extracellular function of the protein.

Gender differences in non-glycemic responses to improved insulin sensitivity by pioglitazone treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Excess cortisol and GH induce insulin resistance, a central feature of type 2 diabetes (T2D). To study whether the insulin sensitizer pioglitazone affects basal cortisol levels and the GH-IGF-I axis in patients with T2D. Forty-eight patients with T2D (men/women = 28:20, age 61 ± 1 years, BMI 31 ± 0.

Analyte flux at a biomaterial-tissue interface over time: implications for sensors for type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus.

Objective: The very presence of an implanted sensor (a foreign body) causes changes in the adjacent tissue that may alter the analytes being sensed. The objective of this study was to investigate changes in glucose availability and local tissue metabolism at the sensor-tissue interface in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Method: Microdialysis was used to model implanted sensors.